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The Digestive/ Urinary System Angelynn Torres Period 4 - Coggle Diagram
The Digestive/ Urinary System
Angelynn Torres
Period 4
Digestive enzymes
Pancreas
Proteases: for proteins, secreted in inactive form to prevent self-digestion
Amylase: for carbohydrates
Lipases: for lipids
Nucleases: for nucleic acids
Liver
Bile Salts:Cholesterol derivatives that function in fat emusification and absorption
Bilirubin: Pigment formed from heme
Bacteria breakdown in intestine to stercobilin that gives brown color of feces
Bile: Fat emuslifier
Stomach
Mucous neck cells: Secrete, thin acidic mucus of unknown function
Parietal Cells:
hydrochloric acid, pH 1.5-3.5
Intrinsic factor, Glycoprotein
Chief Cells:
Secretions include: pepsinogen, Lipases, digests 15% of lipids
Enteroendocrine cells:
Secrete chemical messengers into lamina propria
Act as paracrines
~ Seratonin and Histamine
~ Somastostatin and gastrin
Mucosal barrier: Harsh digestive conditions require stomach to be protected
Thick layer of bicarbonate-rich mucus
Damaged epithelial cells are replaced by division of stem cells
Salivary Glands
Amylase: Begins breakdown of starch
Major Organs of the Digestive System
Walls of Alimentary Canal:
Passage of food through body from mouth to anus
Mouth:
food is chewed and mixed with enzyme containing saliva
~ Begins process of swallowing and digestion
Tongue:
Gripping, repositioning and mixing of food during chewing
~ Initiation of swallowing, speech and taste
Salivary Glands:
Produce saliva through a system of ducts
Teeth:
Lie in sockets in gum-covered margins of mandible and maxilla
Pharynx:
Conduits to pass food from mouth to stomach
~ Propulsion, swallowing
Esophagus:
Flat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to stomach
Stomach:
A temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion
Liver:
Digestion function is production of bile
Gallbladder:
A thin walled muscular sac on ventral surface of live
~ Storage of bile
~ Absorbs water and ions
Small Intestine: Major organ of digestion and absorption
Pancreas:
~ Exocrine function:
Produce pancreatic juice
~ Endocrine function:
Secretion of insulin and glycogen by pancreatic islet cells
Large intestine: Major function is propulsion of feces to anus and defecation
Major Organs of the Urinary System
Kidneys: Maintain the body's internal environment, filter wastes and materials out of body
Ureters: Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder, slender tubes that convey urine
Urinary bladder: Temporary storage reservoir for urine
Urethra: Transports urine out of body, muscular tube that drains urinary bladder
Major Functions of the Digestive System
Break it down into nutrient molecules
Absorb molecules into bloodstream
Take in food
Rid body if any indigestibles
~ Alimentary canal
Passage of food through the body from mouth to anus
~ Mouth
Food is chewed and mixed with enzyme containing saliva
This begins the process of swallowing and digestion
~ Stomach
A temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown
Major functions of the Urinary System
Regulating water volume & solute concentration in water
Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid
Activating vitamin D
Ensuring long term acid, base balance
Producing erythropoietin
Excreting metabolic, wastes, toxins and drugs
Layers of the GI tract
~ Submucosa
Consists of areolar connective tissue
Contains blood and lymphatic vessels
Lymphoid follicles
Submucosal nerve plexus supplying GI tract tissues
Abundant amount of elastic tissues, help organs regain shape
~ Muscularis externa
Muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
~ Mucosa
Tunic layer, lines lumen
Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, & hormones
Absorbs end products of digestion
Protects against infectious disease
~ Serosa
Outermost layer, Visceral peritoneum
Location of digestion and absorption of each
macromolecule
Absorption of electrolytes
Most ions are transported actively along length of small intestine
Iron and calcium are absorbed in duodenum
Na+ absorption is coupled with active absorption of glucose and amino acids
Cl- is transported actively
K+ diffuses in response to osmotic gradients, lost if water absorption is poor
Absorption of water
9L water, most from GI tract secretions, enter small intestine
95% is absorbed in the small intestine by osmosis
Most of rest is absorbed in large intestine
Vitamin Absorption
Fat soluble vitamins are carried by micelles diffuse into absorptive cels
Water soluble vitamins are absorbed by diffusion or by passive or active transports
Vitamin B12 binds with instrinsic factor and is absorbed by endocytosis
Disorders of the Digestive System
Cavities: Result from bacterial action that gradually demineralizes enamel and underlying dentin
Heartburn: first symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease, it is the burning radiating pain when stomach acid regurgitates into the esophagus
Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum, Can arise from an abdominal wound, an ulcer, or poor sterile technique
Appendicitis: Results from blockage that traps infectious bacteria in its lumen
Malabsorption: Impaired nutrient absorption, can result from anything that interferes with the delivery of bile or pancreatic juice
Cystic Fibrosis: Primarily affects the lungs, the mucous glands produce thick mucus which blocks the ducts and passageways of organs
Disorders of the Urinary System
Chronic renal disease: Filtrate formation decreases gradually, nitrogenous wastes accumulate in the blood, and blood pH drifts toward the acidic range
Renal failure: filtrate formation decreases or stops completely
Renal Calculi (Kidney stones):
When calcium or magnesium salts or uric acid are concentrated in urine, they crystalize and precipitate as kidney stones
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI):
Common problem for women
The location of the female urethra near the anus predisposes it to colonization by fecal bacteria
Bladder Cancer: Involves neoplasms of the bladder's lining epithelium and may be induced by carcinogens from the environment or the workplace that end up in urine
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Nephron: Units that form urine
Renal Corpuscle
~ Glomerulus
Tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
Highly porous capillaries
Allows for efficient filtrate formation
~ Glomerular Capsule
Bowman's capsule: cup shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
Parietal layer and visceral layer
Renal Tubule
Nephron Loop:
~ Descending limb:
Proximal part of descending limb is continuous with proximal tubule
Distal portion, descending thin limb, simple squamous epithelium
Distal Convulated Tubule:
Cuboidal cells with very few microvilli
Function more in secretion
Confined to cortex
Proximal Convulated Tubule (PCT):
Cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that form brush border
~ Increase surface area
~ Large mitochondria
~ Reabsorption and secretion