Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
HISTORY The study of past events. - Coggle Diagram
HISTORY The study of past events.
KEY CONCEPTS
Evidence
Information gathered from historical sources.
Perspectives
The position from which you understand events also known as point of view.
Continuity and Change
How over time some things change, whilst others stay the same.
Empathy
Understanding and putting yourself into the shoes of how past events impacted individuals or groups.
Cause and Effect
Understanding reasons why events occurred and the resulting consequences and outcomes.
Significance
The importance assigned to aspects of the past.
Contesability
The explanation and interpretations of past evens that are open to debate.
4 KEY FEATURES OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD
Religion
The foundations on which all societies across the medieval world were built.
Influenced the clothes people wore, songs people sung, foods people ate and their understanding of the world.
CHRISTIANITY
The religion based on teachings of Jesus Christ as recorded in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible.
CHURCH
Education
Since most people couldn't read, their understanding of the world depended on what was taught at Church.
Health care
Spiritual Guidance
Support
Social Structures
The laws and systems that created order and detonated the roles and responsibilities of all citizens, and set out systems for reward and punishment.
Feudalisim
Feudalism was one of the most important social structures, beginning around 900 CE and spreading across Europe over the next 150 years. Society was organised according to a hierarchy based on religion, law and social customs involving the privileges and obligations for everyone; kings, nobles, knights and peasants.
How it worked.
PEASANTS
provide work and food to lord
vassals to all
DEFINITION
Peasants made up approximately 90 percent of the population, being responsible for the farming. They lived hard, short lives as all farm work had to be done by hand, and the tools were basic. They went to bed early and woke up at dawn, had very little time for leisure and ate the same things daily.
KING
grants land to vassals
lord to everyone
DEFINITION
The King was the ruler of the land, keeping 25 percent of the land for himself and granting permission to nobles and Chruch officials to use the rest. He not only enjoyed wealth and privlege, hosting banquets and balls but also planned fights and wars, and fended off challengers to the throne.
KNIGHTS
provide protection and military service to lord
grant land to vassals
lord to peasants
vassals to church officials
DEFINITION
Knights only made up a small percentage of the population, as they were expected to protect their lords and fight for the king in return for grants of land. Additionally, they also received food and supplies from peasants in exchange for protection.
NOBLES
provide money and knights to lord
vassals to king
grant land to vassals
lord to knights
DEFINITION
The Nobles a group of noble families loyal to the king, who lived in large manor houses on land farmed by peasants.They spent their days attending business on their land, hunting, attending church and ruling over their vassals
The Feudal Manor
Land not belonging to the ruler or the Church was divided into manor lands with each being owned by a noble or knight who'd received it by their lord as fief. Under the arrangement of this land being farmed by peasants and serfs, they would be provided with a place to live and survive. Majority of peasants and serfs were restricted to the manor lands and permission had to be granted by the lord to do everyday tasks
Steward
The manor manager who also looked after business matters.
Hayward
A person who guarded crop fields to ensure livestock didn't damage them.
Bailiff
A peasant farmer who owned a small tract of land. He collected and organised taxes, looked after manor repairs and helped the steward.
Reeve
The chief serf in the village who reported to the bailiff.
Crime and Punishment
Trial by Ordeal
Ordeal by Fire
Held a red-hot iron for some time
If after 3 days the burn wasn't healing they were seen to be guilty.
Put an arm in fire.
If after 3 days the burn wasn't healing they were seen to be guilty.
Walked across burning coals.
If after 3 days the burn wasn't healing they were seen to be guilty.
1 more item...
Ordeal by Water
Placed an arm in boiling water.
If after 3 days the burn wasn't healing they were seen to be guilty.
Tossed into a river.
If the body floated they were seen to be guilty.
Trial by Combat
Trial by combat was commonly used for the members of upper classes, as it consisted of the accused fighting the accuser. The winner was seen to be innocent, as God was believed to control this outcome.
Conflict
The period was marked by frequent battles and wars.
The Battle of Hastings
The Battle of Hastings was fought in 1066 in England after the English king, Edward the Confessor, died without a heir to the throne. Due to the fact that many men such as Harold Godwinson, and William believed they had the right to rule England they both met in a battle near the town of Hastings. The battle was won by William, who was next crowned king and became known as William the Conqueror.
The Bayeux Tapestry
The Bayeux Tapestry was is a piece of 70-metre embroided cloth that tells a story of the Battle of Hastings. It is claimed that William the Conqueror's wife sewed the tapestry or it was commissioned by Bishop Odo of Bayeux, William's half-brother, although the exact origin is unknown.
The Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims between 1096 and 1290 in the Holy Land. The aim of the First Crusade was gaining control over religious sites among Jerusalem as before the First Crusade, everyone was on good terms. However, after the Seljuk Turks, took control over the city and closed Jerusalem to Jewish and Christian pilgrims, the Pope called for an army to reclaim the city.
The effects of the Crusades
New inventions and devices.
windmill
magnetic compass
New products and goods.
foods
perfumes
precious stones
New castle designs and weapons.
Weakening of the feudal system and the development of a more money-based economy.
The growth of more towns and cities.
New ways of practising medicine.
New Trade Routes
Trade meant the exchange of goods, and new ideas beliefs and cultures were also spread.
TERMS AND CONCEPTS
AD
The abbreviation of the Latin Anno Domini - 'in the year of our Lord'; a term used for any time after the birth of Christ.
age
A period of history with specific characteristics that make it stand out from other periods.
BC
The abbreviation of Before Christ; a term used for the period of history before the birth of Christ.
BCE
The abbreviation of Before the Common Era; a term used for the period of history before the birth of Christ.
CE
The abbreviation of Common Era; a term used for any time after the birth of Christ.
century
A period of 100 years.
chronology
A record of events in the order they took place.
circa
A Latin word meaning ;around' or 'approximately'
decade
A period of 10 years
era
A period of time marked by distinctive characteristics, events or circumstances.
millennium
A period of 1000 years.
prehistory
The period of history before written records.
time period
A block of time in history.
timeline
A sequence of related historical events shown in chronological order; a timeline is generally scaled with years market at equal distances.
year
A period of 365 days.
ANALYSING AND EVALUATING SOURCES
Identifying and describing perspectives and values in both primary and secondary sources to result in a conclusion about the usefulness of the source.
Questions.
Is it reliable?
Is there enough information and sufficient detail to help me answer the inquiry question?
Does the information support evidence from other sources?
Is it balanced or does it present only one perspective(bias)?
Is the information current?
Is it based on an opinion or fact?
Separating Fact from Opinion
A fact is something that can be proved: when an event took place what happened and who was involved.
An opinion is based on what a person, or persons, may believe to be true. The words such as 'might', 'could', 'believe', 'think' and 'suggests' all indicate that an opinion is being expressed.
Steps
Message
What it tells us.
Explain
Give reasons for it.
Context
The backstory.
Purpose
Why was it made?
Perspective
Who's point of view is it coming from?
Evaluate
Judge.
Significance
The importance.
TIMELINES
Timelines are used by historians to sequence time and order important events chronologically.
Chronology
Chronology is organising events in the order that they happened and took place. In addition, chronology can help us organise things that happened over a small and large periods of time as it can also be used to compare events across many different places and societies.
Steps
Work out the length of time you want to represent, then divide it evenly into blocks of time.
To represent a huge length of time, you may need to break it into sections using a jagged line to show that time has been left out and ensure everything will fit on your page.
Mark specific dates, ensuring they are plotted accurately so they appear in chronological order (left to right).
Plot important dates and events, giving a brief description of each event along with pictures and captions if suitable.
TRIBES
Angles and Saxons
Tribal people from northern Germany who invaded and settled in Britain early in the 5th century. They were recruited by the Romans and paid in land to help defend Britain against attacks by other local tribes
Vikings
Tribes of seafaring people from a region in the north of Europe. They raided, traded, explored and settled regions across Europe and Asia from the late 6th century.
Franks
Vandals
Ostrogoths
Visigoths
Arab Tribes
Huns
DAILY LIFE
Fashion
RICH
Women wore long, trailing garments with elaborate sleeves and ornate headgear.
Men wore tunics, stockings, cloaks and fancy hats.
POOR
The clothes worn by the poor were dull in colour, crudely cut and made from coarse cloth.
Hygiene
POOR
Washed in a dish of cold water
Wood was scarce.
RICH
Had long hot baths called a 'stew'. Involved scented oils, rose petals or herbs being added to the water.
Used expensive perfumes from faraway places.
DENTAL
Dental hygiene for both the rich and the poor was almost non-existent. People occasionally cleaned their teeth by rubbing them with a piece of cloth and regularly using mixtures of herbs and ash. There was only one treatment for a bad tooth which was pulling it out with no anaesthetic or pain medication.
Food
RICH
Meat
Fish
Fruit
Soft Cheese
Eggs
Coloured jellies
Vegetables
Soups
White bread
Pies
Tarts
POOR
Stews
Grainy bread
Vegetables
Fruit
Milk
Hard cheese
Porridge
Entertainment
RICH
hunting
falcronry
playing chess
embroid
stitch tapestries
listen to musical performances
POOR
dancing
dice throwing
ball games
wrestling
hopscotch
hide-and-seek
Living Conditions
POOR
Farmers would live in a hut shared with animals which only had one, if not two, rooms. The conditions of these huts were dirty, smelly and dark with the walls being a mixture of mud, manure and sticks and the toilet being a hole outside.
Servants lived in more pleasant places compared to farmers although still had very few personal comforts and lived hard daily lives.
WEALTHY
The wealthy led comfortable lives often in manor houses or castles.
