Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Course Mind Map - Coggle Diagram
Course Mind Map
Photosynthesis
#
#
The synthesis of ATP
Chemiosmotic phosphorylation
Chloroplast structure
Grana
Frets
Stroma
Thylakoid lumen
ATP synthetase
Light-dependent reactions
Electromagnetic radiation spectrum
Radiation
Puanta or photons
Wavelengths
Pigment
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Resonance
Absorbs wavelengths chlorophyll a cannot
Release of light
Fluorescence
Accessory pigment
Activated electron
Ground state to excited state
Stroma reactions
Conversion of CO2 to carbs
Acceptor molecule reacts with CO2
3-phosphoglycerate
Calvin/Benson cycle
C3 cycle
Photosystem 1
#
P700
Absorb red light of 700nm most efficiently
Ferredoxin
Ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase
Located in the thylakoid membrane
Photosystem 2
Works backward from photosystem 1
Plastocyanin
Cytochrome b6/f complex
Q
Phaeophytin
P680
Electron transport chain
P700
P680
Anabolic Metabolism
Anabolic reactions
Short-term storage
Intermediate term storage
Long-term storage
The synthesis of polysaccharides
Gluconeogenesis
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Cellular Respiration
Requires oxygen
Obligate
Strict aerobes
Aerobic respiration
Doesn't require oxygen
Anaerobic respiration
#
Fermentation
Glucose is broken down
Glycolysis
Obligate anaerobes
carry out anaerobic respiration excursively
Facultatively aerobic
Anaerobic respiration
Plants growing and fungi in mud underwater stagnant water
Glycolysis
#
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Lactic acid
Plants and fungi
Acetaldehyde
#
Reaction of NADH
1 more item...
Embden-Meyerhoff pathway
External and Internal Organization of Stems
Flowering plants
Basic stem organizations
Nodes
Leaves are attached
Internodes
Regions between nodes
Stolons
Long and thin
Steam area where leave attaches
Leaf axil
Axillary bud
Mature shoot
Dormant apical meristem
Several young leaves
Vegetative bud
Grows into a branch
Floral bud
Grows into a flower
Covered by small, corky, waxy bud scales
Protects the delicate organs inside
Extreme tip of each stem
Terminal bud
Arrangement of leaves on the stem
Phyllotaxy
Important so leaves do not shade each other
Distichous
Arranged in di or stichies rows
Decussate
Arranged in four rows
Spiral
Form spirals up the stem
Shoots
Bulbs
Short shoots
Think, fleshy leaves
Onions, daffodils, garlic
Corms
Vertical, think stems
Think, papery leaves
Crocus, gladiolus
Rhizomes
#
Bamboo, irises, canna lilies
Fleshy horizontal stems
Allows plants to spread underground
Tubers
Horizontal
Grow for a short period
Mainly a need for storing nutrients
Potatoes
All storage shoots are subterranean
Epidermis
Outermost surface of an herbaceous stem
Prevents water loss
Barrier against invasion of bacteria, fungi and insects
Pairs of cells
Guard cells
Stomatal pore
Constitute a stoma
Elongate outward
Trichomes
Hairs
Outer tangential walls
Encrusted with cutin
Makes the wall impermeable to water
Cuticle
Layer of wax may be present
Cortex
Interior to the epidermis
In many plants simple
Homogeneous
In some plants complex
Containing many specialized cells
Vascular Tissue
Small organisms whose bodies are unicellular or thin
Adequate for the distribution of sugars, minerals, oxygen, dioxide
Xylem
Conducts water and minerals
Conducting cells
Tracheids
Vessel elements
Sclerenchyma
#
#
Tracheary element
#
#
Phloem
Distributes sugars and minerals
Vascular bundles
#
When xylem and phloem occur together
Interior to the cortex
Primary xylem
Primary phloem
Collateral
Population Genetics
The abundance of different alleles within a population
Abundance of increase, decrease and remaining the same
Crossing over increases genetic diversity
Gene pool
Total number of alleles in all the sex cells
Factors that Cause the Gene Pool to Change
Mutation
Mutations occur continually
All genomes are subject to mutagenic factors
Existing alleles decrease
New alleles increase
Accidents
#
Events an organism cannot adapt
Such as a meteorite colliding with Earth
Volcanic eruption
Infrequent floods, drought, hail storms
Artificial Selection
Humans purposefully change allele frequency in gene pool
Selective breeding of crop plants
Domestic animals
Choose the ones who have desirable qualities
Used to produce ornamental plants
Artificial mutation
Increase the number of new alleles
Natural Selection
Most significant in gene pool changes
Survival of the fittest
Two factors must be met before occurring:
Population must produce more offspring
Able to survive to maturity
Progeny must differ from each other
In their types of alleles
Differential survival among organisms
Have different phenotypes
Factors that Are Not Part of Natural Selection
Purpose
Intention
Planning
Voluntary decision making
Internal Structure of Foliage Leaves
Epidermis
Water loss through the epidermis
Transpiration
Must be reasonable waterproof
Simultaneously translucent
Must allow entry of carbon dioxide
Leaf and stem epidermises are basically similar
Large percent of flat, tabular, ordinary epidermal cells
Guard cells and trichomes may be abundant
Mesophyll
Ground tissues interior to the leaf epidermis
Along the upper surface of most leaves
Layer of cells called the palisade parenchyma
Main photosynthetic tissue of most plants
Layers vary in intensity
Lower portion of the leaf
Spongy mesophyll
Open, loose aerenchyma
Permits carbon dioxide to diffuse away from stoma
Vascular tissues
Between the palisade parenchyma and spongy mesoshyll
Eudicot leaf
One large midrib
Lateral veins
Minor veins
Bundle sheath
Many fibers arranged as a sheath
Veins
Mass of fibers, above, below or both
Bundle of sheath extensions
Help give rigidity to the blade
Petiole
May be tiny but are massive in:
Palms
Rhubarb
Celery
Water lilies
Part of the leaf
Transition between the stem and lamina
One, three or five vascular tissues
#
Leaf traces
Branch from stem vascular bundles
Diverge toward the petiole
Bears two small flaps of tissue at its base
Stipules
Protect shoot apical meristem while leaf is young
Contribute to photosynthesis
Usually small and die early
External Structures of Foliage Leaves
#
Photosynthesis
Leaves absorb carbon dioxide
Convert CO2 to carbohydrates
Must not lose excess amount of water
Must not allow entry of:
Fungi
Bacteria
Epifoliar algae
Cannot be so nutritious to animals it causes liability
Have to be strong enough to survive
Blades
Flat, light-harvesting portion
Leaf blade (lamina)
Blade's lower side
Dorsal surface (abaxial side)
Larger veins protrude like backbones
Upper side
Ventral surface (adaxial)
Rather smooth
Petiole (stalk)
#
Holds the blade out into the light
Prevents shading from leaves above them
Allows blade to flutter in the wind
Cooling the leaf
Brings fresh air to the surface
Makes it difficult for insects to land on
Abscission zone
At the leaf base
Oriented perpendicular to the petiole
Involved in cutting off the leaf when useful life is over
Leaf scar
Protective corky layer protects living stem tissues
Sessile leaf
Small or very long and narrow leaves
Sheathing leaf base
Leaf base wraps around the stem
Simple leaf
A blade of just one part
Compound leaf
A blade divided into several individual parts
Has many small blades
Leaflets
Each attached by a petiolule
Extension of the petiole
Rachis
Diffusion, Osmosis, and Active Transport
Simplest method when solution crosses membrane
Diffusion
High concentration to low concentration
Diffusion through a membrane
Osmosis
Membrane types
Freely permeable
Allow all solutes to diffuse through them
Have little biological significance
Completely impermeable
Do not allow anything to pass through
Occur as isolation barriers
Deferentially
Selectively permeable membrane
Allow only certain substances to pass through
All lipid/protein cell membranes
Aquaporins
Membrane channels for water
Molecular pumps
Use energy from ATP to force molecules across membrane
Active transport
Intracellular transport
Vesicle migrate through cytoplasm
Fuse with another organelle
Classification of Flowering Plants
Magnoliophyta is very large
Rare to study and classify entire group
Monocots
One cotyledon on each embryo
Leaves usually have parallel veins
Vascular bundles distributed throughout stem
Never have ordinary secondary growth and wood
Eudicots
Two cotyledon
Reticulate venation in the leaves
Vascular bundles one ring in the stem
Woody, succulent, herbaceous
Basil angiosperms
#
Monocot/eudicot divergence
Living descendants
Uniaperturate
External Structure of Roots
Organization of Root Systems
Roots must have an enormous adsorption surface
Highly branched root system
Most seed plants have a single prominent taproot
Much larger than all the rest
Numerous small lateral roots or branch roots
Develops from the embryonic root
Radicle
Lateral roots
#
Taproots
Can become prominently swollen
Most monocots, some eudicots
Have a mass of many similarly sized roots
Fibrous root system
Adventitious roots
Increase absorptive and transport capacities of root system
Occurs from radicle dying during germination
Structure of Individual Roots
Root hair zone
Root hairs
#
Form only in the part of the root that is not elongating
Increase roots surface area
Many epidermal cells extend out as trichomes
Behind zone of elongation
Zone of elongation
#
Cells undergo division and expansion
Only a few millimeters long
Just behind the root cap and apical meristem
Root cap
Dictyosomes
Secrete a complex polysaccharide
Mucigel
Rich in carbohydrates and amino acids
Lubricates passage of root through soil
Constantly worn away
Renewed by cell multiplication
A thick layer of cells
Protects apical meristem
Root tip
Region where growth in length occurs
Fairly simple
No leaf axils or axillary buds
No leaves or leaf scars
Asexual/Sexual Reproduction
Asexual
Fragmentation
If plant breaks it becomes independent
Sexual
The Plant Life Cycle
Diploid adults have sex organs
Produce haploid sex cells
Gametes
Sperm or eggs
Single diploid cell
Zygote
Sporophyte phase/generation
Sporophytes are always diploid
Meiosis results in
Haploid spores
Difference in gametes and spores
Gametes can fuse with other gametes
Syngamy/fertilization
Spores cannot undergo syngamy
Undergoes mitosis
Grows into a gametophyte
Mammalian gametes
Microgametes
Microgametophytes
Microspores
Megagametes
Megagametophytes
Megaspores
Sporophyte and gametophyte
Alternation of generations
Heteromorphic generations
Flower Structure
Stem with leaf life structures
Flower stalk
Pedicel
Where other flower parts attach
Receptacle
Floral appendages
Sepals
Petals
Stamens
Carpals
Have all four
Complete flower
Not having all four (or more)
Incomplete flowers
Sepals
#
Lowermost and outermost of floral appendages
Think, tough, waxy
Protects flower bud when developing
All sepals together
Calyx
Petals
#
Above the sepals on the receptacle
Together make up the corolla
Perianth
Broad, flat, thin
Specific in attracting pollinators
Stamens
#
Above petals
Collectively androecium
Two parts
Filament
Stalk
Anther
Pollen is produced
Microsporocytes
Tapetum
Carpals
Constitute the gynoecium
Highest level on the receptacle
Three main parts
Stigma
Catches pollen grains
Style
Elevates stigma
Ovary
Megaspores are produced
Placentae
Bear ovules
Nucellus
Megasporocytes
