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Digestive/ Urinary Systems - Coggle Diagram
Digestive/ Urinary Systems
Major functions of the
digestive and urinary systems
digestive
digestion (breakdown) and absorption of food for metabolism.
mechanical digestion- physical breakdown of large food pieces into smaller.
chemical digestion- breaks food into simpler chemicals that can be absorbed by cells in the body.
mastication- chewing movement (mouth)
segmentation- mixing/ churning movement (stomach)
ingestion- eating, taking in food into the mouth.
motility/propulsion- mixing and movement of food by muscles.
absorption- taking in of nutrients into the body to be passed to blood or lymph.
secretion- release of mucus, acid bile and enzymes to aid digestion.
elimination/ defication- removal of waste and indigested food from the body.
digestion- physical (teeth) and chemical enzymes breakdown of food into nutrients.
Urinary
1: elimination of waste products; nitrogenous wastes, toxins and drugs.
2: regulate aspects of homeostasis- volume and chemical makeup of blood , water & electrocyte balance, and acid base balance in blood
produce hormones- Renin; regulates blood pressure and kidney function. Erythopoletin- red blood cell production
layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
stomach- muscular organ about the size of a large sausage. thick mucous membrane. mixing and holding chambers. has 3 layers of smooth muscle mixes food into tiny particles.
mucosa- muscous membrane, produces mucus for reduction of friction and protections.
Submucosa- areolar CT containing major blood vessel. many elastic fibers yo retain shape. glands and lymphatic tissue.
muscularis mucosae- two thin layers of smooth muscles
lamina propria- areolar CT. contains blood and lympatic vessels and lymph node for nourishment and immunity.
Muscularsis layer- muscle layer, two layers of smooth muscles to allow peristalsis and segmentation. has an inner circular layer
serosa- outer covering of the GI tract. serous membrane. composed of thin layer of areolar CT and simple squamous epithelium. produces serous fluid for lubrication. attaches digestive tract to the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity.
digestive
enzymes (including names and functions)
Amylase- produced in the mouth. It helps break down large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules
Pepsin, produced in the stomach. helps break down proteins into amino acids.
Trypsin- produced in the pancreas, also breaks down proteins.
Pancreatic lipase- produced in the pancreas. It is used to break apart fats
Deoxyribonuclease- produced in the pancreas. enzymes that break bonds in nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
ribonuclease- produced in the pancreas. enzymes that break bonds in nucleic acids like DNA and RNA
Bile salts- are bile acids that help to break down fat. Bile acids are made in the liver. When you eat a meal, bile is secreted into the intestine, where it breaks down the fats
intestinal enzyme- produced by brush-border cells further breakdown proteins and carbs.
peptidases- reduce peptides to amino acids
sucrase- reduces sucrose (cane sugar) to glucose and fructose.
lactase- reduces lactose (milk sugar) to glucose
maltase- reduces maltose (malt sugar) to glucose
intestinal lipase- reduces fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Nephron anatomy and physiology
structural and functional units of the kidneys. responsible for forming urine. Each nephron consists of a glomerulus capillaries and renal tubule.
afferent arterioles- carries blood toward the glomerulus
efferent arterioles-carries blood away from the glomerulus
glomerulus- specialized capillary bed. beginning of the nephron where blood filtration takes place
Renal tubules- four parts
distal convoluted tubule- empties into a collecting duct
glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)- increases surface area to reabsorb water and solutes from the filterate.
loop of henle- descending endwalls are similar to PCT
collecting ducts- recieve filtrate from many nephrons, as they reach renal pelvis, a couple fuse together and deliver urine into minor calyces.
major organs of the digestive and urinary systems
Digestive
pharynx- a cavity lying behind the mouth, has 3 parts nasopharynx, oropharynx and largnopharynx. Passageway for food (and air) from mouth to esophagus.
esophagus- a muscular tube leading to the stomach. connects pharynx to stomach. passageway only for food. moves food by peristalsis.
parotid glands- largest of the major salivary glands. secrete a clear, waterly fluid (serous).
submandibular glands- floor of mouth, secrete a more viscous fluid and mucous.
sublingual glands- inferior to tongue ,smallest of the major salivary glands and secrete a saliva that is thick and stingy (mucous)
salivary glands- keep oral cavity moist, lubricates, dissolves and begins chemical breakdown of food. contains salivary amylase for starch digestion. produces approx. q liter of saliva per day.
epiglottis- c(a flap of cartilage)closes so food goes into esophagus (and not in trachea)
mouth- opening for food and food entering the mouth.
larynx- connecting the pharynx to the trachea in the neck. allows air to pass through it while keeping food and drink from blocking the airway.
Urinary
kidneys- filters about 200 liters of fluid daily (47 gallons) Major excretory organs
ureters- transport urine from kidneys to bladder
urinary bladder- temorary storage reservior for urine
urethra- transports urine from bladder to the external environment.
disorders of the digestive and urinary systems.
jaundice- yellow discoloration due to excessive amounts of bile in blood.
hepatitis- inflammation of the liver, usually due to one of six hepatitis viruses. transmitted by via blood transfusion, needles or sexual contact.
cirrhosis- a chronic inflammation of the liver usually resulting from alcoholism or chronic hepatitis.
appenditiis- inflammed appendix due to infection of the appendix
pyuria- urinary tract infection
hemauria- bleeding (due to trauma, kidney stones or infection)
hemoglobinuria- transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia severeburns etc.
glycosuria- diabetes mellitus
proteinuria-non- pathological; excessive physical exertion, high protein diet, pregnancy, heart failure etc.
location of digestion and absorption of each
macromolecule
carbohydrates- in mouth and small intestine; polysaccharides-disaccharides & monosaccharides. Amylase- poly-di dissacharides - monosaccharides. maltase- glucose Lactase- glucose and galactose sucrase- glucose and fructose.
proteins- in the stomach and small intestine. proteins - peptides- amino acids. Pepsin- protein-peptide. Protease- peptide- amino acids
lipids- in the small intestine, fats- fatty acids lipase- fatty acids and glycerol
DNA/RNA- in the pancreas, nucleic acid- nucleotides. Nuclease- nucleotides