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Married couple wants effective birth control - Coggle Diagram
Married couple wants effective birth control
Background Information
Female reproductive system anatomy
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Vulva
Mammary glands
Male reproductive system anatomy
Penis
Scrotum
Testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Prostate gland
Seminal vesicles
Functions of Female reproductive system
Ovaries: produce egg cells called oocytes
Fallopian tubes: transport fertilized egg to the uterus for implantation
Uterus: Where the fertilized egg develops into a fetus
Vulva: protects the uterus
Vagina: carries sperm to the uterus and fallopian tubes
Mammary glands: responsible for lactation (milk production)
Male reproductive system anatomy
Seminal vesicles: produce fructose that produce sperm with a source of energy that helps the sperm become motile
Vas deferens: transports mature sperm to the urethra
Testes: produces testosterone and sperm
Penis: male organ for sexual intercourse
Scrotum: protective function and acts as a climate control system for the testes
Epididymis: the carrying and storage of the sperm cells; brings the sperm cells to maturity
Prostate gland: provides additional fluid to ejaculate; nourishes the sperm
Uterine Cycle
Clinical changes in endometrial lining; 28 day cycle
Menstruation: Days 1-5 of cycle; sloughing off of the functional layer; Lasts through period of menstrual bleeding
Proliferative phase: Days 6-14 of cycle; development of new functional layer of endometrium; overlaps time of follicle growth and ovary estrogen secretion
Secretory phase: Days 15-28 of cycle; Increased progesterone secretion from corpus luteum; increased vascularization and uterine gland development
Ovarian Cycle
From puberty to menopause
Follicular phase: Days 1-13 of 28 day of cycle; ~20 primordial follicles stimulated to mature by LH & FSH; primary oocyte in follicle finishes meiosis I and forms 2 cells; One, polar body; Other cells derived from primary oocyte receives bulk of cytoplasm
Ovulation: Days 14-28 of cycle; Release of secondary oocyte from mature follicle; usually only one ovary ovulates each month; Induced with peak in LH secretion; Antrum increases in size and swelling; Expands until ovarian surface thins
Luteal phase: Days 15-18 of the cycle; Remaining follicle cells become Corpus Luteum
Contraceptive methods
Abstinence
Not having sexual intercourse; 100% way to prevent pregnancy
Rhythm method
Avoid sex during ovulation time
Withdrawal method
Pulling out before ejaculation; High failure rate
Barrier methods
Prevent sperm from reaching uterine tubes; ex: condoms, spermicidal gels, diaphragms
Potential side effects: increased risk for developing urinary tract infections, increases risk of toxic shock syndrome
Intrauterine devices
Flexible plastic structures inserted into uterus; Copper of synthetic progesterone to help prevent implantation
Potential side effects: irregular bleeding, mood changes, headache, acne, etc.
Oral contraceptives/ estrogen/progestin patches
Prevent LH spike and ovulation
Potential side effects: mood changes, weight gain, vaginal discharge. etc.
Morning-after pills
Taken after 72 hours of unprotected intercourse
Potential side effects: lower or abdominal cramps, nausea, breast tenderness, etc.
Tubal ligation
Surgically cutting uterine tubes and tying off ends; Prevents sperm from reaching uterus
Potential side effects: damage to the bowel, bladder, or major blood vessels improper wound healing/infection, failure of procedure resulting in unwanted pregnancy, etc.
Vasectomy
Outpatient procedure; Ductus deferens cut, segment removed, ends tied; sperm unable to leave testies
Potential side effects: blood clot/bleeding inside scrotum, bruising of scrotum, blood in semen, etc.
Upstream Causes
Age
Couple in in their 40s, so they are less likely to conceive
Time
The amount of time the mother has been on birth control is most likely longer than other individuals
Health
They are both healthy, while some couples may not be
Downstream Effects
Worst options
abstinence
Would have to refrain from sexual intercourse; most likely would not happen due to human's desire for intimacy
Withdrawal method
Husband would have to pull out before ejaculation; Has a high failure rate and could result in an unwanted pregnancy
Rhythm method
Couple would have to avoid sex during ovulation; even if sexual intercourse took place not during ovulation couple could still potentially pregnant
Best options
Vasectomy
Operation; Sperm would be unable to leave husband's testicles; since they are sure they do not want children this is a more effective option. It is also reversible if they change their mind
Intrauterine devices
Structure inserted into the uterus; Wife would not have to worry about taking oral contraceptives every day and would not have the long-term effects of them
Tubal ligation
Operation of cutting uterine tubes and tying ends; woman would have a less likely chance of getting impregnated