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The Digestive/Urinary System///Haydee Adame period.7 - Coggle Diagram
The Digestive/Urinary System///Haydee Adame period.7
Major functions of the
digestive and urinary systems
ingestion of food
the 1st function of the digestive system is ingestion, or the intake of food.
-the mouth and the stomach is responsible for the storage of food as it is waiting to be digested
Secretion of fluids and digective enzymes
in the cousre of a day , the digestive system secretes around 7 liters of fluid
-these fluids include saliva, mucus, hydrochloric acid, enzyems and bile.
mucus serves as a protective barrier and lubricant inside the GI tract.
-enzymes are like tiny biochemical machines that disassemble large macromolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids into their smaller components
mixing and movement of food and wastes through the body
-there are 3 main procesesses to move and mix food
-SWALLOWING- is the processes of using smooth and skeletal muscles in the mouth, tounge and the pharynx to push fod out of the mouth, through the pharynx and into the esophagus
-PERISTALSIS- ia a muscular wave that travels of peristalsis for food to travel from the esophagus, through the stomach and the intestines, and that reach the end of the GI tract
-SEGMENTATION- occurs only in the small intestine as short segments of intestine - it also helps to increase the absorption of nutrients by mixing food and increasing its contact with the wall.
digestion of food into smaller pieces
its the process of turining large peices of food into its components chemicals.
-mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of a large piece of food into smaller peices
-blie produces by the liver ia also usd to mechanically break fats into smaller globules.
-by the times food has left the duoedenum, its has been reduced to its chemical building blocks like fatty acids, amino acids, monosaccharides, and nucleotides
absorption of nutrients
-once food ha been reduced to its buliding blocks, its ready for the body to absorb
-small blood and lymphatic vessels in the intestinal wall pick up the molecules and carry them to the rest of the body.
-the large intestine is also involved in the absorbtion of water and vitamins B and K before feces leave the body
exertion of wastes
-the final fuction of the digestve system is the excretion of waste in a process known a defecation.
-defections removes indigestible subsatce from the body so that they do not accumulate inside the gut.
-the timing of defecation is contreooled voluntarily by the conscious parts of the brain, but must be accomplished on a regular basis to prevent a backup of indigestible materials.
major organs of the digestive and urinary systems
The Mouth
ingestion (taking in food), teeth cut and grind food into smaller particles
-tongue and teeth (masticate) ((hold and chew)) food brakeing down into smaller particles
-the toungeis composed of the skeletal muscle covered by mucous membrane and helps when swallowing
-tastebubs are located in the mucous membrane, when stimulated by food a nerovs signal which is sent and casues the salivary and gastric to secret saliva
-then saliva helps lubricate and moisten food, but also conatins enzymes that begin to digest food while it is still in the mouth
the pharynx- is a mucusulomembranus sack like structure which acts as a passageway for chewed food, and as an airway during respiration
the oesophagus- is a long narrow mucusulomembranes tueb, about 10 inches long. its very flexible and streches from the pharynx to the stomach. it prples food down to the stomach by a wvae movement of the esopagus muslce.
Sphincters
are bands of ring like muscle that act as gateways to natural openings or 'orifices' at various locations in the body. The muscles close the opening by contracting, and open it by relaxing. The cardiac sphincter is at the base of the oesophagus near the heart, it relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach.
The Stomach
is a muscular, curved pouch like structure. It churns food and mixes it with various lubricating and digestive secretions. Food enters from the esophagus via the cardiac sphincter and is sent to the small intestine via the PYLORIC Sphincter.
The duodenum
is the first section of the small intestine. It is about 10 inches long. BILE from the Gallbladder and PANCREATIC secretions from the pancreas enter into the duodenum to digest food.
The jejunum
is the second section of the small intestine, further enzymes are secreted here, which aid digestion.
The ileum
is the longest section of the small intestine, where the bulk of food absorption takes place. Absorption of nutrients etc. through the mucus membrane via capillaries enter the blood stream for circulation.
The liver
is the largest gland in the body weighing about 3 lbs. It is a gland in the sense that it secretes BILE. It is also essential in the Metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
The gallbladder
stores bile secreted by the liver until needed in the ileum.
The pancreas
is a long narrow, lobed gland that is located behind the stomach. The pancreas secretes substances that aid digestion (PANCREATIC JUICE), and two hormones; insulin and glucagen which play an important role in the ENDOCRINE system.
The caecum
lies between the ileum and the colon. The appendix is attached to the caecum, the appendix no longer serves any real function and can be removed without any ill effects.
The colon
is divided into four sections: the Ascending, the Transverse, the Descending, and the Sigmoid (S shaped) colon. Once the excess water which is a by-product of digestion has been absorbed by the colon the solid waste is passed to the rectum.
The rectum
is about 7 to 8 inches long. The upper part is lined with mucous membrane arranged in multiple upright folds. The last inch of the rectum is known as the ANAL CANAL, the external opening is the ANUS, which is controlled by the internal and external anal sphincters.
digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Amylase, produced in the mouth. It helps break down large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules.
Pepsin, produced in the stomach. Pepsin helps break down proteins into amino acids.
Trypsin, produced in the pancreas. Trypsin also breaks down proteins.
Pancreatic lipase, produced in the pancreas. It is used to break apart fats.
Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease, produced in the pancreas. They are enzymes that break bonds in nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
location of digestion and absorption of each
macromolecule;
The small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine where much of the digestion of food takes place. The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients and minerals found in food.
Chemical digestion occurs when acids, enzymes and other secretions break down the food we eat into nutrients. Chemical digestion starts in the mouth and continues in the stomach, but most of the process occurs in the small intestine
layers of the GI tract (including stomach
The GI tract contains four layers: the innermost layer is the mucosa, underneath this is the submucosa, followed by the muscularis propria and finally, the outermost layer - the adventitia. The structure of these layers varies, in different regions of the digestive system, depending on their function.
The wall of stomach, like the other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, consists of four layers : Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa. The mucosa of stomach is divided in three layers. They are : The surface epithelium : surface epithelium contains gastric pits and gastric glands.
Nephron anatomy and physiology;
Each nephron consists of a blood supply and a specialized network of ducts called a tubule. For each nephron, an afferent arteriole feeds a high-pressure capillary bed called the glomerulus. Blood is filtered by the glomerulus to produce a fluid which is caught by the nephron tubule, called filtrate.
disorders of the digestive and urinary systems.
Cholera
Digestive system disease
Hepatitis C
Colorectal cancer
celiac disease
tinnitus
hepatitis B
sinusitis
bladder cancer
deafness
cauliflower ear
nasal polyp
esophageal cancer
macular degeneration
renel cell carcinoma
stomach cancer
detached retina
renal sysytem disease
lver caner
bartter syndrome
hepatitis
urinary tract infection