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Botany, Tissues and Primary Growth of Stems # #, Roots # #, leaves # #,…
Botany
Genetics
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Concepts
Genetics
science of inheritance
sexual reproduction
genetically similar
variation
chance
risk
bottom right is me lolol
asexual reproduction
genetically identical
chemical basis
gene
sequence of DNA nucleotide
guides
construction of RNA
Construction of proteins
construction of
occur in different forms
alleles
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genetic diversity
nucleotide
mutation
presence
Genotype
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phenotype
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lethal
leads to death
paralogs
originated as duplicates
replication of DNA
cell
nuclear division
mitosis
meiosis
DNA replicated
"S: phase
doubles genes
chromatid
anaphase
daughter cell
chromatid
chromatin becomes less compact
DNA double helix is cut
strands separate
replicon
polymerized
Primer RNA
substrate for DNA polymerase
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DNA polymerase
adds deoxiribonucleotides
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replication fork
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Mutations
any change in DNA
types
point
change in a single case
deletion
loss of DNA
Transposable elements
transposition
insertion sequence
insersion
addition of DNA
inversion
repaired backwards
somatic
in cells that never lead to Sex
causes
mutagen causes mutations
UV light
X rays
chemicals
radiation
effects
may have no effect
may have negative effect
most common occurance
rarely have positive effect
Small fraction
DNA repair
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enzymes minimize chance of mutations
must neither be
too effective
mutations lead to
change variation
evolution
too efficient
crosses
monohybrid
single characteristic
Incomplete dominance
parents
homozygous
identical alleles for gene
parent generation
First initial generation F1
heterozygous
crossed w hetrozygote
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different alleles o
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Complete dominance
traits
dominant
Needs only one allele to be expressed
capital letters
recessive
needs identical alleles for expression
lowercase letters
difficult to determine genotype
test cross
involves
plant in question
pure-bred lines
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homozygous dominant
multiple alleles
subscripted
many alleles for one trait
sexual reproduction between 2 individuals
punnett square
used to examine gametes
Dihybrid
2 genes are studied
Incomplete dominance
parents
homozygous
identical alleles for gene
parent generation
First initial generation F1
heterozygous
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Inheritance
Biparental
both parental alleles
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uniparental
maternal inheritance
plastid
variegation
independent assortment
2 genes
separate chromosomes
haploid cell
same chromosome
ends act separately
crossing over
parental type
recombinant
map unit or centimorgan
gene linkage
close on chromosome
inherited together
pretty
Quanatativ trait loci
multiple genes
one character
pleiotropic effect
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Multiple sets of chromosomes
polyploid
more than 2 sets
diploid
2 sets
can come via
nondisjunction
gene family
plant groups
seed plants 1: no flowers (Gymnosperms)
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concepts
genes
all genes of gametophyte
identical
mutations
half genes of sporophyte embryo
evolution
lignophytes
spermatophytes
seeds
classifications
magnoliophyta
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gnetophyta
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cycadophyta
ginkgophyta
cioniferophyta
woody plants
progynosperms
characteristics
gave rise to
cycads
gymnosperms
conifers
vascular cambium
xylem
phloem
Aneurophytales
varied stature
shrubs to large trees
vascular cambium
secondary growth
primary xylem
protostele
archaeopteridales
abundant
wood
siphnostele
pith surrounded by primary xylem bundles
secondary xylem
evolution of seeds
megasporangium
surrounded by
integument
pollen chamber
large micropyle
hole in
permitted
sperm to swim to egg
division pteriospermophyta
seed ferns
wood was manoxylic
soft
not dense
thick cortex
leaves
now have a large bundle of vascular tissue
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division conifrophyta
conifers
leaves
simple needles
perennial
scales
venation
simple
shoots
long shoots
short shoot
in axis of
cones
pollen
simple
sperm
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seed
compound
shoot
aucillary buds
ovuliferous scales
egg
suspensor
pushes deep into
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zygote
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wood
division cycadophyta
cycads
leaves
do not bear ovules
cones
seed
pollen
wood
Division cycadeoidophyta
cycadeoids
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division Ginkgophyta
maiden hair tree
single living species
division Gnetophyta
vines
leaves
similar to dicots
small shrubs
cones
pollen cones
compound
bracts
seed cones
contain extra layer of tissue
around ovule
WOODY PLANTS
concepts
primary tissue
Apical meristem
tissue sets
epidermis
cortex
vascular bundles
herbaceous plants
leaves
pith
maturation
root
set conduction capacity
necessity of
leaves
roots
stem
provascular cells
differentiation
primary xylem
primary phloem
onusual primary growth
establishment growth
increased width of adventitious roots
ex
palms
eventual cap in growth
secondary tissue
additional meristems
cork cambium
secondary phloem :
cork
vascular cambium
wood
woody plants
ex
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continued growth
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vascular cambium
meristematic region
secondary plant body
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woody plants
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extended each year
cell types
fusiform initials
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ray initials
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arrangement
patterns
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consequences
germination cite
must be suitable
often occupied
existing ancestors
perrenials
easier (larger) target
insects
fungi
greater need for
defence
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environmental harshness
must use energy
nutrient storage
winterizing
construct
wood
metabolically expensive
bark
Vascular plants Without seeds Vascular cryptogams
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concepts
extant plants
dibiotic life cycle
multi cellular sporophyte
interpolation hypothesis
transformation theory
multi cellular gametophyte
monobiotic
1 multi cellular gen
zygote
meiosis
spores
early vascular plants
Rhyniophytes
stem
upright
cylinders
equal dicotiomous branching
equal
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single
short
leaves
none
simple bundle ox xylem
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Xylem structure
protostele
solid mass of xylem in the center
no pith
endarch protostele
protoxylem
center
metaxylem differentiates
outer edge of xyle mass
exarch protostele
metaxylem
center
+protoxylem edges
siphonostele
pith
present in center
Zosterophyllophytes
small herbs
no secondary growth
enations
outgrowths
increased photosynthetic SA
contained trace vascular tissue
unique characteristics
lateral sporangia
sporangia opened transversely
xylem
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exarch protostele
Microphyll line of evolution:Lycophytes
morphology
Called "microphills"
true roots
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firm anchor
vascular cambium
secondary growth
heterospory
contained in compact groups
cones or strobili
protection
many remained homosporous
some became heterosporous
microsproes
microgameophytes
megaspores
megagameophytes
extant genera
small herbs
prostrate rhizomes
true roots
short, upright branches
microphylls
spirally arranged
no secondary growth
all are homosporous
megaphyll line of evolution: euphllophytes
characteristic
overtopping
unequal ranching
pseudomonopodial
single main trunk
origin of megaphylls (euphylls)
leaves
evolved from branching system
telome theory
telomes
lateral branches
sporophyll
sporangia
euphyllophytes
megaphyllous
monilophytes
euphyllophytes
megaphyllous
sister clades
monilophytes
lignophytes
woody plants
united by 3 synapomorphies
roots have exarch xylem
have megaphylls
DNA plasmid
large single copy region
30 kilobase inversion
equisetophytes
horsetails/ scouring rushes
herbs
no secondary growth
aerial stems
jounted
whorled leaves at node
leaves
small megaphylls
trace vascular tissue
reproduction
sporangiophore
ferns
leptosporangiate ferns
sporophyte
single axis
vertical shoot
horizontal rhizome
true roots
megaphyllous leaves
underside
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node
trace leaf
leaf gap
sporangia
eusporangia
leptosporangia
echology
Community ecology
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concepts
terms
Individual
population
community
ecosystem
addition of
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all populations
species
same
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all individuals of a species
singular entity
succession
sequence of changes
undisterbed
Climax community
Stability
community restoration
Recover from
habitat loss
habitat fragmentation
I just thought this looked cool
Diversity
species checklist
helps determine diversity
scale
species -area relationship
S=cA^z
S+ no. of species
A=area
c, z = constants
species abundance distribution
levels
local
small, less than few K^2
all members of many species
speciation
extinction
Biome
Plants
determine
climate
Biogeographical region
bound by
geological
barrier to
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climatic
latitude
Predator prey interactions
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predator
functional response
selection among multiple prey
optimal foraging theory
optimal diet model
prey
prey dependence
dN/dt=rN-aNP
R
intrinsic rate
N
number of prey
a
pretator attack rate
P
predators present
dP/dt=faNP-qP
f
constant
pretator efficiency
q
predator
mortality rate
line
population stability
0 growth isocline
stable
unstable
paradox of enrichment
maximum sustained yield
Fixed effort harvesting
fixed quota harvesting
competition between species
exploitation
compete for a
recource
interference
species may be
invasive
apparent competition
beneficial interactions
Mutualism
facilitation
succession
primary succession
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Metapopulations in Patchy environments
assumptions
Region composed of discrete patches
some patches occupied
others are not
empty patches will be colonized
fugitive species
assisted dispersal
extinction within a patch
source habitat
sink habitat
interconnectedness
#
food chain
energy flow web
keystone species
food web
Pop gen and Ecosysems
population genetics
alleles in a population
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change in abundance
remains same
decreases
increases
terms
presence
Genotype
alleles of an individual
phenotype
expression
gene pool
total number of alleles
population
changes caused by
mutation
Mutations
any change in DNA
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DNA repair
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#
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accidents
events
organism
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phenomena
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selection
artificial
purposful change in
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done in conjunction with
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natural
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most significant factor in
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"Survival of the fittest"
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unrelated factors
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concepts
population concept of species
ranges in variation
all species
type concept of species
species biased on types
Concepts
Individual
population
community
ecosystem
addition of
physical/nonliving environment
all populations
all individuals of a species
singular entity
relation to
Habitat
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set of conditions
organism's life cycle
factors
abiotic
nonliving
physical phenomina
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disturbances
floods
avalanches
fires
biotic
factors
plant
other plant species
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non plant organism
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Operational habitat aspects that DEFINITELY effect
lifestyle
structure of populations
geographic distribution
boundaries
limiting factor
local
distribution
random
no pattern
clumped
average spacing
uniform
evenly spaced individuals
via plant chemicals
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age distribution: Demography
relative proportions
factors
generation time
birth of individual
to
reproduction
intrinsic rate of natural increase/ Biotic potential
Number of offspring produced
by
individual
Limit of an ecosystem
carrying capacity
K
r- and K- Selection
r- Selection
r-selected species
disturbances r conditions
K selection
K-selected species
Structure of Ecosystem
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physiognomic structure
system of lifeforms
C
Temporal structure
Time
Speciec composition
number
diversity
species
coexist
trophic levels
prodicers
primary comsumers
secondary consumers
etc Consumers
decomposers
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herbivors
omnivores or carnivores
plants
energy
carbon flow
Population Genetics and evolution
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Concepts
evolution
gradual conversion
one spiecies
into
new species
natural selection
new species
via
mutations
new alleles
addaptibility
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new genes
deleterious
no reproduction
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slow process
thousands of generations
millions of years
discovered by
(independently)
darwin
origin of species
wallace
population genetics
alleles in a population
change in abundance
remains same
decreases
increases
terms
presence
Genotype
alleles of an individual
phenotype
expression
gene pool
total number of alleles
population
changes caused by
mutation
Mutations
any change in DNA
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DNA repair
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#
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accidents
events
organism
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phenomena
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selection
artificial
purposful change in
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done in conjunction with
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natural
#
most significant factor in
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"Survival of the fittest"
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unrelated factors
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concepts
population concept of species
ranges in variation
all species
type concept of species
species biased on types
Rates of evolution
slow
gradual
process
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quick
loss in
structure
metabolism
complexity
speciation
natural selection
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new species
ways
phyletic
species
gradual change
new species
via
pollen transfer
vegitative propogation
seed dispersal
divergent
population
remain unchanged
same species
evolve
new species
types
abiological reproductive barriers
non living
feature
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physical
biological reproductive barriers
biological phenomena
prevents gene flow
sympatric speciation
groups
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group
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postzygotic internal isolation barrier
hybrid sterility
hybrid invaibility
adaptive radiation
species
diverges rapidly
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founder individuals/founder
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reproductively isolate
convergent evolution
separate evolution of groups
strong resemblance
evolutionary origins of life
chemiosynthesis
chemicals produced chemosynthtically
formation of polymers
early metabolism
conditions before life
chemical presence in the atmosphere
second atmosphere
reducing atmosphere
oxidising atmosphere
O2
energy sources
Tissues and Primary Growth of Stems
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#
Concepts
Angeosperms
flowering plants
Eudicots
.
"herbs"
leaves
roots
stems
#
adaptation/mutations
natural selection
broadleaf
asters
maplles
roses
Basal angeosperms
magnolias
laurels
waterlillies
Monocots
grasses
lilies
cattails
palms
philodendrons
bromeliads
Magnoliophyta
basic types of cells and tissues
Parenchyma
#
Cells
only thin primary walls
cheap metabolically
most common cell
constitute "soft" parts
leaves
petals
fruits
seeds
tissue
most common tissue
Specialization
chlorenchyma
photosynthesis
chloroplasts
pigmented cells
thin cell wals
light translucent
light absorption
glandular cells
characteristics
many
dictyosomes
ER
few
Chloroplasts
transport
sugars
minerals
in
Transform metabolically
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Transfer cells
short distance transport
extensive plasma membrane
ingrowths
ridges
increased surface area
knobs
long distance transport
Phloem
cell death at maturity
stamen
releasing pollen
some fruits
releasing seeds
Collenchyma
thin primary cell walls
primary cell walls become thicker in corners
plasticity
elongating shoot tips
flexible
ex. Vining plants
susceptible to wilting
long
found
located next to vascular bundle
bands
just under epidermis
areas
young pedioes
increased metabolic cost
#
compared to parenchyma
shoot tips
not found in root tips
soil provides support
stretchable
Schlerenchyma
characteristics
primary cell wall
secondary cell wall
elastic
lignified
pits
pit pairs
water proof
can develop from parenchyma cells
in mature organs
give durrability
elastic support
cell types
fibers
long
wood
flexible
alive
Sclereids
short
brittle
inflexible
impenetrable
hard
forms
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less isodiametric
xylem
internal organization of stems
Epidermis
outermost surface of herbaceous stem
internal exchange
environment
plant
single layer of parenchyma cells
prevents water loss
barrier against invasion
bacteria
fungi
insects
stomata
stomal pore
exit for O2
entrance of CO2
guard cells
open
swell w H2O
close
night
tricomes/ Hairs
epidermal cells
elongate outwards
multicellular
unicelliar
protection
animals
sunlight
diffusion
immobile air
near leaf
secretory glands
antiherbivore compounds
salts
irritating compounds
stinging nettle
digestive enzymes
carnivorous plants
Cortex
interior to epidermis
complex
specialized cells
secrete
mucilage
pitch(resin)
latex
simple
photosynthetic parenchyma
collenchyma
compact
cortex parenchyma
aerenchyma
air space
bouyancy
aquatic plants
fleshy
corms
succulents
tubers
vascular tissue
xylem
conducts water and minerals
tracheary element
vessel element
sclerenchyma
wide
short
ends flat (usually)
secondary wall
angular thickening
helical thickening
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rings
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tracheid
long
narrow
ends pointed
obtain water from lower tracheids
pit membrane
surrounds pit
sclerids
fibers
phloem
distributes sugar and minerals
sieve elements
sieve cells
parenchyma cells
narrow
ends pointed
long
associated w. albuminous cells
all non angiosperm vascular plants
sieve tube members
short
wide
usually ends flat
controlled by companion cells
angiosperms only
stacked
sieve tube
differentiation
plasmodesmata enlarge
sieve pore
cluster together
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vascular bundles
interior of cortex
angeosperms
pith
eudicots
dicots
scattered
colateral
xylem
run lateral
primary phloem
phloem
primary zylem
external organization of stems
nodes
leaf attachment
internode
region between nodes
variation
long
vines
"exploration
attachment
support
and thin
stolons
"exploration"
growth
short
lettuce
cabage
onion
wide
asparagus
narrow
alfalfa
shoots
bulbs
thick fleshy leaves
daffodils
garlic
onions
accumulate starch
stems
corms
thick
stem
vertical
papery leaves
ex
crocus
gladiolus
ribosomes
fleshy
horizontal
subterranean spreading
potatoes
tubers
horizontal
nutrient storage
bamboo
irises
canna
lilies
trunk
vertical
main shoot
leaf axil
stem are above pt. of leaf attachent
houses
auxillary bud
young leaves
dormant apical meristem
miniature shoot
types
vegitative
branch
floral
flower(s)
covered with
bud scales
modified leaves
corky
small
waxy
protects
terminal bud
extreme tip of stem
phyllotaxy
leaf arrangement on stem
alternate
leaves one per node
opposite
leaves two per nide
decussate
leaves located in four rows
Whorled
three or more leaves per node
spiral
leaves no aligned w nearest neighbor
Distichious
leaves located in two rows
cell growth and differentiation
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apical meristem
shoot
mitosis
progenitor cells
cytokinesis
subapical meristem
below apical meristem
protoxylem
metaxylem
largest tracheary elements
first xylem
protophloem
metaphloem
closest to metaxylem
identical
:
Roots
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#
Concepts
Major functions
absorption
water
minerals
paricitistic
modified roots
dogger
mistletoe
production
hormones
shoot growth
cytokinin
gibberellin
anchoring
substrate
soil
climbing plants
vertical growth
Ivy
vines
carbohydrate storage
#
fleshy taproots
winter survival
ex
carrots
beets
raddishes
vegetative reproduction
horizontal spreading
willows
sorrel
protection
modified roots
"spines
crysophilia
palms
mauritia
shape
cilindrical
External structure
Organization of root systems
prominent taproot
largest root
lateral root/ branch roots
extend from tap root
produce more lateral roots
highly ramified root set
develops from
radical
embryonic root
present from germination
** parenial/woody
secondary growth
wood
bark
fibrous root system
mass of similarly sized roots
radical death
immideatly after
durring
germination
root primordia
base of gadical
grow out
1st stages
adventitious roots
increase
absorption
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transport
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general growth
eudicots
perrenial
secondary growth
functional wood (xylem)
trunks
leaves
roots
fine
absorbative
monocots
no secondary growth
prior to stemformation
no increase in conducting capacity
set number of
tracheary elements
sieve tubes
no "extra leaves"
except through
stolons
horizontal root branches
adventitious roots
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rhizomes
Structure of individual roots
root tip
region of
growth(length)
meristematic region
apical growth
pushes through soil
protected by root cap
thick layer of cells
deteriorates
renewed by
cell multiplication
dictosomes
secrete
mucigel
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zone of elongation
behind
cells undergo
dixision
ezpansion
root hair zone
behind
epidermal cells extend outward
trichomes
root hairs
increase surface area
can enter any crevice
extract
water
minerals
carbonic acid
internal stricture of roots
root cap
provides
protection
apical meristem
growth pattern
cells closest to merostem
divide
push other cells forward
growth through edge of root cap
cells develop starch in ER
detect gravity
#
secrete mucigel
#
exocytosis
cells lateral to meristem
divide
push cells out
apical meristem
cell division
root elongation
quiescent center
inactive centeral region
become active if
apical meristem is damaged
contingent for
sharp objects
burrowing animals
nematodes
pathogenic fungi
takes on role of
apical meristem
resistant to
harmful agents
radiation
toxic chemicals
zones
division
elongation
maturation
root hairs develop
absorption
water
minerals
cuticle forms
cortex enlarges
diffusion
water
types
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minerals
endodermis
tangential walls
casperian strip
impermiable
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houses vascular tissue
pericycle
first cells within endodermis
initiate lateral root growth
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behind apical meristem
cells enlarge
differentiate
pattern
outermost cells
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center
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inbetween
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cells expand
other types of roots and root modifications
storage roots
srore
carbohydrates
from summer photosynthesis
only living portion of plane
bianuale some
some perennials
grow new above ground planet
prop roots
monocots
stem develops roots
roots grow downward through air
make contact w soil
prop up plant
normal root functions
buttress
brace trunk
strong winds
mangroves
brace rooy
tides
storms
Aerial roots
orchids
epiphytic
live attached to branches of trees
root epidermis
velamen
dead cells
prevent roots from becoming dry
contractile roots
pull stem downward
into soil
stabalization
caused by
chand in cortex shape
mycorrhizae
symbiotic relation w soil fiungi
ectomycorrhizal
woody forest plants
fungal hyphae
penetrate outermost root cortex
endomycorrhizal
herbaceous lants
funhal hyphae
penetrate TO epidermis
form arbuscule
phosphorus
to plant
root modules
nitrogen fization
chemical conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into usable compounds
often done by
bacteria
rhizobium
forms tube
infection thread
mitosis
root nodule
paracitistic
haustoria
penetrate host
absorb nutrients
not adequate for growth in soil
leaves
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#
external structure of foliage leaves
leaf blade
flat
harvests light
lamina
surfacees
dorsal
lower side
large vein protrusions
adaxial side
ventral
upper side
usually smooth
ambaxial
types
simple
one-part blade
compound
blade divided into individual parts
leaflets
small blades
attached by
petiolule
extention of petiole
to
rachis
leaflets attached to
same point
plmately
individual pts
along rachis
pinately
petiole
stalk
may be absent
small
very thin
no risk of self shading
sessile leaf
narrow
sheathing leaf base
leaf base wraps around stem
long
self shading
base
tapered
petiolate
holds blade
insect deturant
brings fresh air to surface
cools leaf
blades flutter in wind
petiole is
flexible
thin
long
prevents self shading
into light
veins
bundles of vascular tissue
distribute water
stem
into
leaf
xylem
collect sugars
produced by photosynethsis
carry away for
stem
storage
use
phloem
within leaf
venation
reticulate
nettled pattern
basal angeosperms
eudicots
parallel
run side-by side
monocots
long
strap-shaped
few obvious connections
abscission zone
leaf base
usually in pediole
perpendicular to pediole
cut off leaf
leaf scar
protective
formed by
corky
cells
adjacent
internal structure of foliage leaves
epidermis
waterproof
water loss
transpiration
serious problems
translucent
types
leaf
consists of
guard cells
trichomes
nonglandular
glandular
epidermal cells
flat
ordinary
tubular
cutin
waxy coating
insect deturant
fungus deturant
stem
dorsiventral nature
differing microclimates
lower
many stomata
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upper
few-none stomata
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tricomes
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CO2 intake
mesophyll
#
ground tissue
interior to epidermis
palisade parenchyma
upper area
photosynthetic tissue
horizontally held
cells separated slightly
surface area
CO2 diffusion
cytoplasm
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thickness
1 layer, usually
3-4 layers
intense sunlight
spongey mesophyll
lower area
loose
open
aerenchyma
rapid diffusion of CO2
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horizontally held
vertically held
palisade parenchyma
equally functional
either side
vascular tissue
between
palisade perinchemya
midrib/midvein
branch into
minor veins
release H2O
xylem
2 more items...
load sugar
phloem
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mass of fibers
underneath and/or above
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conduction
spongey mesophyll
petiole
#
transition
stem
lamina
epidermis similar to
lamina
few
stomata
tricohmes
composition
cortex
somewhat compact
not aerenchymotous
collenchyma
supportive
heavy lamina
vascular tissue
1,,3,5+ vascular bundles
#
leaf traces
branch from
stem vascular bundles
diverge toward
3 more items...
stipules
2 small flaps
protect shoot apical merostem
contribute to photosynthesis
initiation and development
Basal angiosperm and eudicots
produced by
apical meristem
base of meristem
interior to protoderm
outward growth
leaf primordium
extends upward
2 more items...
leaf protoderm
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leaf ground meristem
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cells at edge of protoderm
initiate lamina
leaf initiation
annuals
summer
perenials
autum
summer
monocots
apical merostem
leaf primordium
growth upward
hood-like shape
sheathing leaf base
original conical
rise to
lamina
cilinder
encircles
shoot apex
new stem tissue
next leaf primordium
tube inside
previous leaf's sheath
basal expansion
2 more items...
other leaf types. morphology and anatomy
succulents
desert plants
thick
reduced
surface-to-volume ratio
water conservation
reduced capacity for
CO2 uptake
fleshy
inside
mesophyll
few spaces
reduced
internal explorative surface area
water loss
stomata
transparent
deep light penetration
photosynthesis
Sclerophyllous foliage leaves
more sugar
than used in construction/metabolism
prolonged productivity
sclerenchyma
below
epidermis
thick cell walls
bundle sheath
cuticle
thick
waxy
resilient
animals
fungi
freezing
UV light
conifers
sclerophyllous
cuticle
thick
epidermis
hypodermis
unpalatable chemicles
simple
long
broad
large
short
small
scale like
photosynthetic
flat
parennial
new phlowm
no new xylem
Bud scales
protect
dormant shoot apical merosthem
low temperatures
winter
wind
dryness
tough
waxy
small
rarely compound
spines
cacti
modified leaves
auxillary buds
protective
closely compact fibers
lignin in cell walls
hard
resistant to decay
absent
mesophyll
vascular tissue
tendrils
grow indefinitely
sensing cells
coiling
support
insect traps
digestion
insects
nitrogen
amino acids
nucleotides
epidermis
absorption
trap
Transportation processes
#
#
#
long-distance transport
#
between cells that are "not close neighbors"
deep root survival
elivation of leaves
competition
nutrients channeled to specific sites
rapid
development
ex
apical meristem
leaf primordium
flower buds
bark
young fruits
wood
growth
types
xylem
water
properties
cohesive
with water
adhesive
with other substances
cohesion tension hypothesis
water loss
transstomal transpiration
transcuticular transpiration
cells
tracheids
cavitation
embolism
no longer useful
vessels
xylem parenchyma
fibers
secondary xylem
inner cell
wood
vessel elements
soft woods
fibers
strength
flexibility
hard woods
2 more items...
tracheids
sclerids
parenchyma
reservoir of water
rays
storage of
2 more items...
conduct
types
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ray tracheid
3 more items...
fusiform initials
axial system
tracheary elements
woody angiosperm
ray initials
radial system
xylem
growth rings
early wood
spring wood
wide vessel elements
annual ring
growth ring
#
many vessels
ring porous
late wood
summer wood
cuticle thickened on vessle elements
less vessels
diffuse porous
stronger
fibers
conifers
thick walled tracheids
heart wood
dark wood
center
vessle elements
1 more item...
tracheids
1 more item...
sapwood
moister
outer region
conduction
1 more item...
lighter
reaction wood
responce to stress
phloem
photosynthate
from leaves
to
lower plant structures
pressure flow hypothesis
sites
water
sources
sugars
actively transported
sieve elements
sieve tube members
1 more item...
transportation/hour
mass transfer
divided by cross-sectional area of phloem
1 more item...
nutrients
polymer trap mechanism
location method
STM/CC complex
conducting cells
companion cells
reception
phloem sap
#
sinks
storage organs
parenchyma cells
unloaded from
sieve tube elements
cut
b;leeding
P-protein
plug
callose
secondary phloem
outer cell
bark
conduction up and down
root
secondary growth
stem
anomalous secondary growth
sweet potato roots
included phloem
between 2 bands of xylem
monocots
secondary vascular bundle
1 more item...
"woody"
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outer bark
cork
cork cambium
phellogen
1 more item...
initiation
1 more item...
cork cell
phellem cell
1 more item...
phelloderm
inside mature layer of parenchyma
1 more item...
outside innermost cork cambium
linticels
aerenchymous cork
oxygen diffusion
protrude outward
inner bark
secondary phloem
between
vascular cambium
innermost cork cambium
prevented by isolation mechanics
short distance transport
distance
"few" cell diameters or less
through cell wall
intercellular space
apoplast
cell types
gaurd cells
#
open stoma
increased internal pressure
water enters
potassium ions (K+) ions
#
actively timported
close stoma
decreased internal pressure
water exits
hydraulic equilibrium
1 more item...
potassium ions (K+) ions
actively exported
motor cells
plant "joints"
accumulate
potassium (K+) ions
water potential
1 more item...
expell
transfer cells
outer surface
smooth
inner surface
finger-like
outgrowths
active transportation
ridge-like
purpose
transfer of basic nutrients
survival of internal cells
water
sugars
minerals
communication
hormones
dissolved in H2O
ability to move through plant
H2O
heavy
adheres to
cell components
soil
affect transportation processes
viscous
types
diffuison
movement of water
through a mambrane
osmosis
types of membranes
Completely impermiable
do nit allow anything to
diffuse
isolation barrier
membrane bound
molecular pumps
use energy (ATP)
3 more items...
force molecules across concentration gradient
1 more item...
deferentially/selectively permiable
allow only certain substances to
diffuse
all lipid/protein cell membranes
hydrophobic molecule
diffuse easily
hydrophilic molecules
only cross through
differentially permiable membranes
1 more item...
freely permiable
all solute
diffusion
little biological significance
water
chemical potential
Water potential
free energy of water
increased
heat
pressure
2 more items...
elevation
Cells and movement of water
high water concentration
1 more item...
low solute
1 more item...
Ψ
"sigh"
vailability
Water
types
fresh
salt
brackish
runoff
algae
1 more item...
too little
dehydration
incipient plasmolysis
2 more items...
too much
cell burst
Air
rain
fog
dew
frost
hail
snow
himidity
particles in solution
high concentration
to
low concentration
may have no effect
Nonvascular plants
#
characteristics of nonvascular plants
kingdom plantae
Divisions
Anthocerotophyta
hornwarts
Hepatophyta
liverwarts
thallose
leafy
Bryophta
Mosses
#
development
protonema
Water Transportation
#
rhizoids
Hydroids
leptoids
reproduction
archegonia
megagametangia
eggs
Antheridia
microgametangia
sperm
morphology
gametophores
grow from the apical merostem
1 more item...
class
Anthocerotae
Hepaticae
Musci
Characteristics of nonvascular plants
#
life cycle
alternation of
Heteromorphic generations
bodies
not composed of
filaments
reproductive cells
surrounded by
1+ layers of sterile cells
embryophytes
no vascular tissue
never grow very large
selectable advantages
thrive in microhabitats
many have stoma
cuticle over whole body
almost excusively terrestrial
concepts
means of coping with dry periods
Desiccation avoidance
avoids dry conditions
taps water source
stores water
Formation of spores
spores
stress tolerance
survives
body
dies
desiccation tolerance
brought about by
slow metabolism
slow growth
not coping
nothing is done
death
lol
rapid extinction
exception
plants in perminantly moist environment
least expensive
phylogeny of true plants
plant divisions
spermatophytes
examples
angiosperms
conifers
Cycads
have
seeds
vascular tissue
Vascular cryptograme
examples
ferns
scouring seeds
clubmosses
lack
seeds
have
vascular tissue
Nonvascular plants
examples
hornwarts
liverwarts
mosses
arose first
ancestor to
vascular plants
review if vascular tissue
lack
vascular tissue
seeds
#
cryptograms evolved before gymnosperms
cryptograms gave many genetic differences that separate them from other taxa
population genetics plays a part in the evolution of different plant groups
All Gymnosperms have roots. root types and information is represented in greater detail here
gymnosperms utilize the transportation processes outlined here
gymnosperms ar an example of a woody plant
population genetics is a sub field of genetics.
the comunity has genetic differences that will be exposed as the fit survive and reproduce
the ecosystem accounts for the communities housed within and the nonliving factors
population genetics is a subgroup of genetics. It deals with genetic variations within an ecosystem
transpiration is made possible thanks to some of the tissues found in stems
primarygrowth and the tissues described here are common in woody plants
transpiration is made possible thanks to vascular tissues
transpiration occurs through the root
transpiration helps woody plants to develop to the great sizes they are known for
nonvascular plants absorb h2o passively. not via transpiration
the leaves descrived here are characteristic of most woody plants
the roots described here are commonplace in woody plants
nonvascular plants lack meaningful rooots
Nonvascular pants do not posses the leaves described here
