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The Digestive and Urinary System Natalia Panuco Period 7 - Coggle…
The Digestive and Urinary System Natalia Panuco Period 7
Major Functions of the Digestive and the Urinary Systems
Digestive System
-Mechanical Digestion
Physical breaking of large food pieces into smaller pieces
Does not alter chemical composition
Mastication= chewing movement (mouth)
Segmentation= mixing/churning movement (stomach)
Peristalsis= wave/rippling movement (esophagus, intestine)
-Chemical Digestion
Breaks food into simpler chemicals that can be absorbed by cells in the body
Works with help of enzymes (-ase)
Ex: saliva in mouth, gastric juice in stomach
-Digestion(breakdown) and absorption of food for metabolism( energy and growth and repair of tissues)
Urinary System
3) Produces hormones
Renin: Regulates blood pressure an kidney function
Erythropoietin: Red blood cell production
2) Regulate aspects of homeostasis
Volume and chemical makeup of the blood
Water and electrolyte balance
Acid-base balance in the blood
1) Elimination of waste
Toxins
Drugs
Nitrogenous waste
Location of Digestion and Absorption of Each Macromolecule
Chemical digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase in saliva splitting complex carbohydrates into simple carbohydrates. The enzymes and acid in the stomach continue chemical digestion, but the bulk of chemical digestion takes place in the small intestine thanks to the action of the pancreas
The mechanical and digestive processes have one goal: to convert food into molecules small enough to be absorbed by the epithelial cells of the intestinal villi. Although the entire small intestine is involved in the absorption of water and lipids, most absorption of carbohydrates and proteins occurs in the jejunum.
Nephron Anatomy and Physiology
The structural and functional units of the kidneys
Kidneys contains over 1 million of these tiny blood-processing units
Responsible for forming urine
Each nephron consists of a glomerulus (capillaries) and renal tubule
-The renal tubule has a cup-shaped end called the glomerular capsule or Bowman´s capsule
Digestive Enzymes
-Lipids (small intestine)
Fats > fatty acids
Lipase > fatty acids and glycerol
-DNA/RNA (Pancreas)
Nucleic acid > nucleodtides
Nuclease > nucleodtides
-Saliva
Amylase
-Carbohydrates (mouth and small intestine)
Polysaccharides > disaccharides and monosaccharides
Amylase- poly >di
Dissacharides > monosaccahrides
Maltase > glucose
Lactase > glucose and galactose
Sucrase > glucose and fructose
-Gastric Juice
Protease (pepsin) plus hydrochloric acid
-Proteins (stomach and small intestine)
Pepsin- protein >peptide
Protease- peptide > amino acids
-Pancreatic Juice
Proteases (e.g. trypsin)
Lipases
Amylase
-Intestinal Enzymes
Peptidases
Sucrase
Lactase
Maltase
Disorder of the Digestive and Urinary Systems
Major Organs of the Digestive and Urinary Systems
Urinary System
Ureters
-Transport urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary bladder
-Temporary storage reservoir for urine
Kidney
-Filters about 200 liters of fluid daily (47 gallons)
-Major excretory organs
Urethra
-Transports urine from bladder to the external environment
Digestive System
Alimentary Canal (GI Tract)
Long irregularly shaped tube open at both ends approx. 9m (30 ft)
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Accessory Organs
Teeth, tongue salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
Layers of the GI Tract
Submucosa
Areolar connective tissue containing major blood vessel
Many elastic fibers to retain shape
Submucosal plexus
-Autonomic nerve supply
Glands and lymphatic tissue
Muscularis Layer
Muscle layer
Two layers of smooth muscles to allow peristalsis and segmentation
-Inner circular layer- squeeze, decrease size of lumen; in some areas act as sphincter or valves
-Outer longitudinal layer- shortens intestine
Mouth, pharynx, superior esophagus, and anal sphincter- voluntary muscle
Also external anal sphincter is skeletal muscle
Myenteric plexus- nerves
Mucosa
Mucous membrane- produces mucus for reduction of friction and protections
Epithelium
-Varies by location
-Nonkeratinized stratified squamous in mouth, esophagus, and anus, protection against friction
Simple columnar in intestine for absorption and secretion
Lamina propria
-Areolar connective tussue
-Contains blood and lymphatic vessels and lymph node for nourishment and immunity
Muscularis mucosae
-Two thin layers of smooth muscles
Serosa
Outer covering of the GI tract
Serous membrane
-Composed of thin layer of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium
Produces serous fluid for lubrication
Covers the outside of abdominal organs
Attaches the digestive tract to the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity by forming folds called mesenteries