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A married couple in their 40's seek out contraceptive strategies. the…

- - - - Females
        
        Ovaries
      - Males
        
        Testes
    - - Both females and males
    - - Sex Chromosomes
      - Diploid cells
      - Haploid cells
  - - - Produce large amounts of sex hormones
        
        affects maturation, development, activity of reproductive organs
        
        produce sex cells, gametes
        
        unite at fertilization to initiate formation of new individual
        
        occurs during copulation
    - - ducts to carry gametes away from gonads
        
        Female
        
        towards site of fertilization
        
        Males
        
        towards outside of body
    - - process of forming human sex cells
        
        cells termed gametes
        
        females gametes, secondary oocytes
        
        male gametes sperm
        
        begins with cell division, meiosis
    - - carried on 23 pairs of chromosomes in human body cells
        
        Autosomes
        
        contains genes coding for cellular functions
        
        help determine most human characteristics
        
        matching autosomes, homologous chromomsomes
        
        22 pair
        
        Sex chromosomes
        
        consists of two X chromosomes or one X and one Y
        
        determine whether female or male
        
        Diploid cell
        
        contains 23 pairs of chromosomes
        
        has 2n chromosomes
        
        Haploid cell
        
        contains 23 chromosomes
    - - starts with diploid parent
      - produces haploid daughter cells, gamates
      - begins with diploid parent cell in gonad
    - - Somatic cell division
      - produces two daughter cells genetically identical to parent
      - diploid daughter cells
      - no crossing over
  - - - Oogenesis
        
        Maturation of a primary oocyte to secondary oocyte
        
        Occurs in stages over the life of a female
        
        Before birth
        
        Ovary contains primordial germ cells, oogonia
        
        Diploid cells that divide by mitosis
        
        Cells start meiosis, but arrested in prophase I
        
        cells now primary oocytes
        
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        Childhood
        
        Ovaries inactive with no follicles developing
        
        Puberty to menopause
        
        Primordial follicles stimulated to mature by LH and FSH
        
        Primary oocyte in follicle finishes meiosis I and forms two cells
        
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        Hypothalamus release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
        
        This stimulates release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
        
        Follicular Phase
        
        Days 1-13 of 28 day ovarian cycle
        
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        Ovulation
        
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    - - Cyclical Changes in endometrial lining
        
        Influenced by estrogen and progesterone
        
        Timeline based on 28 day uterine cycle, but varies
      - Menstrual Phase
        
        Days 1-5 of cycle
        
        Sloughing off of the functional layer
        
        Lasts through period of menstrual bleeding
        
        Proliferative Phase
        
        Days 6-14 of cycle
        
        Development of new functional layer of endometrium
        
        Overlaps time of follicle growth and ovary estrogen secretion
        
        Secretory Phase
        
        Days 15-28 of cycle
        
        Increased progesterone secretion from corpus luteum
        
        Increases vascularization and uterine gland development
        
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  - - - only 100% way to prevent pregnancy
    - - avoid sex during ovulation time
    - - Pull out before ejaculation; high failure rate
    - - Prevent sperm from reaching uterine tubes
        
        Condoms, spermicidal gels, diaphragms
    - - Flexible plastic structures inserted into uterus
      - Copper or synthetic progesterone to help prevent implantatios
    - - Prevent LH spoke and ovulation
    - - Taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse
    - - Surgically cutting uterine tubes and tying off ends
      - Prevents sperm from reaching uterus
    - - Outpatient procedure
      - Ductus deferens cut, segment removed, ends tied
      - Sperm unable to leave testis
- - - - Male wont be able to release sperm, therefore wont be able to get his wife pregnant
    - - Female wont be able to have any sperm reach the uterus since the uterine tubes are cut off and are tied
    - - It inhibits ovulation and is taken within 72 hours after unprotected sex
  - - - Avoiding sex during ovulation time; however, it is risky in getting pregnant as it does not guarantee full protection
    - - Pull out before ejaculation; there is a high failure rate when going with this method
    - - Prevents sperm from reaching uterine tubes using a condom or spermicidal gels, however this does not always work