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PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES - Coggle Diagram

- - - - PREFRONTAL LOBOTOMY = psychosurgery in which the connections of the prefrontal cortex to other areas of the brain are severed.
      - TRANSORBITAL LOBOTOMIES = procedure in which an instrument resembling an ice pick, called a leucotome, was inserted through the back of the eye socket and into the brain to sever the brain fibers.
- - - - PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY = a newer and more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis with an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and a more direct therapeutic approach.
      - PSYCHOANALYSIS = an insight therapy that emphasizes revealing the unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires that are assumed to cause disordered emotions and behavior
        
        DREAM INTERPRETATION = the analysis of the elements within a patient’s reported dream, formed a large part of Freud’s psychoanalytic method
        
        TRANSFERENCE = in psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient or client to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist.
        
        Freud, Sigmund = medical doctor and referred to the people who came to him for help as “patients.”
        
        FREE ASSOCIATION = psychoanalytic technique in which a patient was encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluations.
        
        RESISTANCE = occurring when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, by either changing the subject or becoming silent.
    - - PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY = nondirective because the person actually does all the real work, with the therapist merely acting as a sounding board.
        
        UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD = referring to the warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy; positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached.
        
        EMPATHY = the ability of the therapist to under- stand the feelings of the client.
        
        AUTHENTICITY = the genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client.
        
        Rogers, Carl
      - GESALT THERAPY = form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing.
        
        Perls, Fritz
  - - - CLASSICAL CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
        
        AVERSION THERAPY = form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior.
        
        EXPOSURE THERAPIES = behavioral techniques that expose individuals to anxiety- or fear-related stimuli, under carefully controlled conditions, to promote new learning.
        
        EYE- MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION AND REPROCESSING (EDMR) = an exposure-based therapy sometimes used in the treatment of PTSD. client is directed to move the eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory
        
        FLOODING =. technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the per- son is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response.
        
        SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION =
        behavior technique used to treat pho- bias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears.
      - OPERANT CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES
        
        REINFORCEMENT = the strengthening of a response by following it with some pleasurable consequence (positive reinforcement) or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus (negative reinforcement).
        
        CONTINGENCY CONTRACT = a formal, written agreement between the therapist and client (or teacher and student) in which goals for behav- ioral change, reinforcements, and pen- alties are clearly stated.
        
        TOKEN ECONOMY = objects known as tokens can be traded for food, candy, treats, or special privileges. Clients earn tokens for behaving correctly or accomplishing behavioral goals and can later exchange those tokens for things that they want.
        
        EXTINCTION = involves the removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a particular response. In modifying behavior, operant extinction often involves removing one’s attention from the person when that person is engaging in an inappropriate or undesirable behavior.
        
        TIME-OUT = an extinction process in which a per- son is removed from the situation that provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior, usually by being placed in a quiet corner or room away from possible attention and reinforcement opportunities.
        
        MODELING = learning through the observation and imitation of others.
        
        PARTICIPANT MODELING = technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step- by-step, gradual process while the client is encouraged to imitate the model.
    - - BECK'S COGNITIVE THERAPY = focus on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts
        
        MAGNIFICATION AND MINIMIZATION = person blows bad things out of proportion while not emphasizing good things.
        
        ARBITRARY INFERENCE = this refers to “jumping to conclusions” without any evidence. Arbitrary means to decide something based on nothing more than personal whims.
        
        OVERGENERALIZATION = person draws a sweeping conclusion from one incident and then assumes that the conclusion applies to areas of life that have nothing to do with the original event
        
        SELECTIVE THINKING = person focuses only on one aspect of a situation, leaving out other relevant facts that might make things seem less negative.
        
        PERSONALIZATION = an individual takes responsibility or blame for events that are not really connected to the individual.
      - COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORIAL THERAPY (CBT) = action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically, which in turn will impact their behavior.
        
        RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY (REBT) = cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements.