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A healthy, happily married couple in their early 40s has sought your…

- - - - testes
        
        the scrotum
        
        genital ducts
        
        pair of bulbo-urethral gland/ ejaculatory ducts/ cowper's gland
        
        pair of seminal vesicles
        
        prostate glands
        
        reproductive ducts
        
        epidedymis
        
        vas deferens
        
        urethra
        
        prostatic urethra
        
        membranous urethra
        
        penile urethra
        
        glans penis
        
        the prepuce
        
        spermatic chords
    - - ovaries
        
        ligaments anchoring ovaries
        
        broad ligaments
        
        ovarian ligaments
        
        suspensory ligaments
        
        uterine tubes
        
        regions
        
        infundibulum
        
        ampulla
        
        isthmus
        
        uterus
        
        layers
        
        permimetrium
        
        myometrium
        
        endometrium
        
        vagina
        
        hymen
        
        external genitalia
        
        mammary glands
        
        alveoli
        
        lobules
        
        lobes
        
        mammary ducts
        
        lactiferous sinuses
        
        lactiferous ducts
        
        adipose tissue
        
        vulva
        
        mons pubis
        
        labia majora
        
        labia minora
        
        clitoris
        
        vestibule
  - - - male
        
        testes
        
        Primary reproductive organs
        
        responsible for gamete formation using meiosis
        
        Produces sperm, and testosterone
        
        the scrotum
        
        sac holding testes
        
        provides optimum temperature for sperm development staying outside the body
        
        genital ducts
        
        pair of bulbo-urethral gland/ ejaculatory ducts/ cowper's gland
        
        produces a secretion to protect sperm from urine found in urethra.
        
        pair of seminal vesicles
        
        mucus-like fluid contains fructose & prostaglandins to semen or seminal fluid.
        
        prostate glands
        
        secretes buffer which protects sperm in acidic environment in vaguna
        
        reproductive ducts
        
        epidedymis
        
        sperm matures and motiles here
        
        vas deferens
        
        carries sperm from epididymis to urethra
        
        prevents sperm and urine from being in the urethra at the same time
        
        urethra
        
        tube that carries urine and semen
        
        glans penis
        
        aid in entry to female reproductive tract
        
        spermatic chords
        
        connects lymphatics, nerves, vessel of the testis to the body.
        
        heat exchange
        
        cremaster muscle
      - female
        
        ovaries
        
        ligaments anchoring ovaries
        
        broad ligaments
        
        attaches to each ovary and secures the uterine tube in place
        
        ovarian ligaments
        
        attaches ovary to uterus
        
        suspensory ligaments
        
        attaches ovary to pelvic wall in lumbar region and surrounds the ovarian artery and ovarian vein
        
        uterine tubes
        
        transports oocytes
        
        uterus
        
        layers
        
        permimetrium
        
        outer layer
        
        part of visceral peritonium (serosa)
        
        myometrium
        
        middle layer
        
        consists of oblique, circular, longitudinal layers of smooth muscle
        
        endometrium
        
        inner layer
        
        vascular layer lining uterine cavity
        
        protect and nourish the developing embryo and fetus
        
        vagina
        
        hymen
        
        partially blocks the orifice
        
        mammary glands
        
        alveoli
        
        milk producing glands
        
        lobules
        
        alveoli arranged in cluster for milk production
        
        mammary ducts
        
        produce and secrete colostrum and milk to nourish the growing inant
        
        lactiferous ducts
        
        receives contents from interlobular ducts within lobes
        
        vulva
        
        mons pubis
        
        covers pubic synthesis
        
        labia majora
        
        adipose tissue covered covered with skin and pubic hair
        
        labia minora
        
        folds of skin
        
        clitoris
        
        cylindrical erectile tissue
        
        vestibule
        
        contains external urethral orifice, vaginal orifice, hymen, and openings of glands that secrete mucus for lubrication
  - - - events that occurs in uterus
        
        menstrual phase
        
        Day 1-5 of cycle
        
        sloughing off of functional layer
        
        lasts through period of mentrual bleeding
        
        proliferative phase
        
        6-14 day of cycle
        
        new functional layer of endometrium is developed
        
        overlap time of follicle growth and ovary estrogen secretion
        
        secretory phase
        
        day 15-28 of cycle
        
        increased progesterone secreted from corpus luteum
        
        increased vascularization & uterine gland development
    - - events occuring at the ovary
        
        maturation of follicle
        
        ~20 premordial follices stimulates to mature LH & FSH
        
        primary oocyte finishes meiosis I & produces 2 cells
        
        One polar body: nonfunctional
        
        other cells produced from primary oocyte receives bulk of cytoplasm & if fertilized, completes meiosis.
        
        ovulation
        
        release of secondary oocyte from mature follicle
        
        occurs on day 14-28 day cycle
        
        usually 1 ovary ovulates each month.
        
        expands until ovarian surface thins and eventually ruptures and expells secondary oocyte.
        
        formation of corpus luteum
        
        occurs day 15-28 day cycle
        
        remaining follicle cells becomes corpus luteum
        
        corpus luteum
        
        secretes progesteron and estrogen
        
        build up uterian lining and prepares for fertilized oocyte
        
        Corpus luteum regression
        
        causes drop in secreted progesteron and estrogen
        
        causes shedding of uterine lining, mensturation
        
        sheds lining, menses
        
        marks the end of luteal phase
        
        menopause
        
        cease of menstural cycle
        
        normal onset- age 40 to 55
        
        no more remaining of ovarian follicles & maturation of follicles stops
        
        no secreteion of estrogen and progesterone in significant amount
        
        uterine lining no longer grows
  - - - flexible plastic structures insterted into the uterus. Copper/synthetic progesterone to help prevent implantation
      - Side effects
        
        backaches, cramps for few days
        
        irregular menstrual cycle
        
        risk for ovarian cysts
    - - prevents sperm from reaching uterine tubes
      - Side effects
        
        risk for developing Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
        
        possibility of toxic shock syndrome
    - - surgically cutting the uterine tubus & tying off ends which prevent sperm from reaching uterus.
      - side effects
        
        damage to the bowel, bladder
        
        continued abdominal pain
    - - prevents LH spike & ovulation
      - Side effects
        
        weight gain, nausea, vomiting, acne, skin discoloration, mood swings, change in menstrual flow.
        
        heart attacks, blood clot, strokes are potential complications.
- - - - every shot is effective for 3 months & needs to be received for every 3 months
      - need to go to the doctor every time
      - causes more irregular bleeding than the pill, patch, or ring, specially during the first three to six months
      - prolonged use can lower the bone density
    - - need to take pills on time
      - low failure rate
      - risk of stroke or heart failure
      - involves action of hormones and has higher aount of side effects
    - - condoms prevents from STDs & HIVs
      - less expensive
      - there is high failure rate
      - always have to take another backup option
      - hormone free
  - - - copper IUD – lasts for 5 to 10 years
      - hormone-releasing IUD– lasts for 5 years
      - it changes the lining of uterus, so a fertilized egg won’t embed in it.
      - It can be removed by a doctor or nurse easily and won’t stop to get pregnant in the future
      - Not affected by taking other medications
    - - permanent birth control for women
      - involves closing of the fallopian tubes to prevent eggs from being fertilized.
      - lowers the risk for having ovarian cancer
    - - it is almost 100% effective for birth control.
      - closure of the tube that carries sperm
      - requires only few days for recovery and its effective
      - requires backup control method for 3 months so that previously made sperns are ejaculated, but then it is permanent