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The Digestive/Urinary System Leslie Ross p.7 - Coggle Diagram
The Digestive/Urinary System
Leslie Ross p.7
major organs of the urinary systems
Kidney- elimination of waste products, regulate aspects of homeostasis, produce hormones; filters about 200 liters of fluid daily; bean- shaped organ, lies in the superior lumbar region and right kidney is slightly lower than the left
Nephrons- kidney contains over 1 million of these tiny blood processing units and responsible for formic urine
Glomerulus- a specialized capillary bed, endothelium of the capillaries is very porous, this allows large amounts of solute-rich, protein free fluid to pass from the blood to the glomerular capsule
Ureters- slender tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder, composed of transitional epithelium, peristalsis aids gravity in urine transport
Urinary Bladder- smppnh, collapsible, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine, locates on the pelvic floor just posterior to the pubic symphysis and two from the ureters and one to the ureters
Urethra- thin-walled muscular tube that drains urine from the bladder to the outside of the body, release of urine is controlled by two sphincters, internal urethral sphincter (involuntary) and external urethral sphincter (voluntary); it is a huge differences from men and women
digestive
enzymes (including names and functions);
Proteins(stomach and small intestine); proteins-peptides-amino acid; pepsin-protein-peptide; protease-peptide-amino acid
Carbohydrates(mouth and small intestine); polysaccharides-disaccharides and monosaccharides; Amylase-poly-di; Dissacharides-monosaccahrides; Maltase-glucose; Lactase-glucose and galactose; Sucrase-glucose and fructose
DNA/ RNA (Pancreas); Nucleic acid-nucleotides; Nuclease-nucleodtides
Lipids (small intestine); Fats- fatty acids; Lipase-fatty acids and glycerol
layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Mucosa- mucous membrane-produces mucus for reduction of friction and protections; Epithelium- varies by location and simple columnar in intestine for absorption and secretion; Lamina propria- areolar connective tissue and contains blood and lymphatic vessels, and lymph node; Muscular mucosae- two thin layer of smooth muscle
Submucosa- areolar connective tissue contains major blood vessel, many elastic fiber to retain shape; Submucosal plexus, autonomic nerve supply and glands and lymphatic tissue
Muscularis Layer; muscle layer, two layers of smooth muscles to allow peristalsis and segmentation, inner circular layer- squeeze, decrease size of lumen; in some areas act as sphincter or valves
Serosa- outer covering of the Gl tract; Serous membrane- composed of thin layer of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium and produces serous fluid for lubrication and covers the outside of abdominal organs
Stomach- 1. Cardia and the Fundus- enlarged opening next to esophagus (upper section); temporary storage 2. Body- central main part 3. Pylorus-lower narrow section and inside with rugae
Major functions of the
digestive
Mechanical Digestion- physical breaking of large food pieces to smaller pieces
Chemical Digestion- breaks food into simpler chemicals that can be absorbed by cells in the body
Enzymes- such as proteins, carbohydrates, DNA/RNA, and Lipids
Absorption- chemically digested food moves from intestine into blood and lymph
Walls of GI tract- from the most inner layer or lining to the exterior
Esophagus- muscular tube approx. 9-10 inches longer
Stomach- j shaped, muscular organ, about the size of a large sausage when empty can hold about 1L
Gastric Absorption- the stomach absorbs only small quantities of water and certain salts, alcohol, and some lipid-soluble drugs
Mixing and Emptying Actions- following a meal, mixing actions of the stomach turn the food (bolus) into chyme and pass it toward the pyloric region using peristaltic waves
Liver- largest internal organ, partly surrounded by ribs
Gallbladder- stores excess bile for liver
Hepatitis- inflammation of the liver
Cirrhosis- a chronic inflammation of the liver usually from alcoholism or chronic hepatitis
Pancreas- behind stomach, closely associates with small intestines
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Kidneys contains over 1 million of these tiny blood-processing units, responsible for forming urine, each nephron consists of a glomerulus (capillaries) and renal tubule, and the renal tubule has a cup-shaped end called the glomerular capsule
Major functions of the
urinary systems
Elimination of waste products; nitrogenous wastes & toxins
Regulate aspects of homeostasis; volume and chemical makeup of the blood, water and electrolyte balance and acid-base balance in the blood
Produce hormones; renin- regulates blood pressure and kidney functions & erythropoietin- red blood cell production
Kidney- bean-shaped organ, lies in the superior lumbar region, right kidney is slightly lower than the left
Nephron- the structural and functional unites of the kidney
Glomerulus- a specialized capillary bed and endothelium of the capillaries is very porous
Renal Tubule- It have four parts to the renal tubules; glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule
Ureters- slender tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder and increasing pressure in the kidney causes excruciating pain
Urinary Bladder- urine is formed continuously by the kidney but it is stored in the bladder until it is convenient to release
Urethra- thin-walled muscular tube that drains urine from the bladder to the outside of the body and there is a huge difference between males an females
major organs of the digestive
Alimentary Canal (GI tract)- long irregularly shaped tube open at both ends approximately 9m and mouth, pharynx, esophaguses, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Accessory organs- teeth, tongue salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
mouth (oral cavity)- opening for food and food enters the mouth, mucosa-lined, chews and lubricates food with saliva; roof- formed by hard and soft palate, uvula, a downward projection of soft palate; floor- formed by rogue and its muscles
Cheeks & Lips- cheek from the lateral walls of the mouth; involved in expression and chewing; lips are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening
Tongue- is a thick, muscular organ covered by mucous membrane with taste buds within papillae; it is attached to the floor of the mouth by the lingual frenulum
Palate- forms the rood of the oral cavity and has an anterior hard palate and posterior soft palate and associated with the palate in the back of the mouth are palatine tonsils
Teeth- two sets of teeth develop in sockets within the alveolar processes of the maxillary and mandibular bones and through the actions of chewing, teeth break food into smaller pieces, beginning mechanical digestion
Salivary Glands- secrete saliva, which moistens and dissolves food particles, binds them together, allows tasting, helps to cleanse the mouth and teeth, and beings carbohydrate digestion
Pharynx "throat"- passageway for food (air) from mouth to esophagus and swallowed food passes from oropharynx into laryngopharynx
Esophagus- muscular tube 9-10 inches long; connects pharynx to stomach , passageway only for food, digestion function=propulsion, and moves food (bolus) by peristalsis
location of digestion and absorption of each
macromolecule
Mechanical Digestion- physical breaking of large food pieces into smaller pieces, does not alter chemical composition, Mastication- chewing movement, segmentation- mixing/churning movement, peristalsis- wave/rippling movement
Chemical Digestion- breaks food into simpler chemicals that can be absorbed by cells in the body and works with help of enzymes
Ingestion- eating, taking in food into mouth
Digestion- physical (teeth) and chemical (enzymes) breakdown of food into nutrients
Motility/Propulsion- mixing and movement of food by muscles
Secretion- release of mucus, acid, bile, and enzymes to aid digestion
Absorption- taking in nutrients into the body to be passed to blood or lymph
Elimination/Defication- removal of waste and undigested food from the body
disorders of the digestive and urinary systems.
Kidney stones- larger stones can obstruct a ureter and block urine drainage and increasing pressure in the kidney causes excruciating pain; treatment- shock wave lithotripsy a noninvasive procedure that use ultrasonic shock waves to shatter the stone
Glucose (glycosuria)- causes- diabetes mellitus
Proteins (proteinuria)- causes- excessive physical exertion, pregnancy, high-protein diet, heart failure
Hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria)- causes- transfusion reactions, hemolytic anemia, severe burn, etc
Bile pigments (bilirubinuria)-causes- liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis)
Erythrocytes (hematuria)-causes- bleeding (due to trauma, kidney stones or infection)
Leukocytes (pyuria)0 causes- urinary tract infection
appendix- may become inflamed resulting in appendicitis
Jaundice- yellow skin discoloration due to excessive amount of bile in blood
Gall stone- blocks bile duct and will be white and skin yellow
Hepatitis- inflammation of the liver, usually due to one of six hepatitis viruses
Cirrhosis- a chronic inflammation of the liver usually resulting from alcoholism or chronic hepatitis