EMOTIONS
There are 6 basic emotions
An emotion is a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior.
3 theories of emotion
3 main components
Paul Eckman identified six basic emotions that he suggested were universally experienced in all human cultures.
Sadness
Fear
Disgust
Anger
Surprise
Subjective experience
Physiological response
Behavioural response
The major theories of motivation can be grouped into three main categories
Neurological theories: propose that activity within the brain leads to emotional responses
Physiological theories: suggest that responses within the body are responsible for emotions.
Emotionality is associated with a range of psychological phenomena, including temperament, personality, mood, and motivation.
Cognitive theories: argue that thoughts and other mental activity play an essential role in forming emotions
James-Lange Theory
Cannon Bard Theory
Schachter Singer Theory - Two Factor Theory
It suggests that when people see an external stimulus that leads to a physiological reaction.
According to this theory, the emotional reaction is dependent upon how a person interprets those physical reactions.
It suggests that people can experience physiological reactions linked to emotions without actually feeling those emotions and that emotional responses occur really fast for them to be simply products of physical states.
This theory suggests that the physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time and that one does not cause the other.
Physiological arousal happens first and then the individual identifies the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion.
It proposes that people do infer emotions based on physiological responses.
Besides, it suggests that similar physiological responses can produce varying emotions.
Happiness
It could be defined as a pleasant emotional state, characterized by feelings of contentment, joy, gratification, satisfaction, and well-being.
This type of emotion is sometimes expressed through
Facial expressions like smiling
Body language like a relaxed stance
Tone of voice with an upbeat, pleasant way of speaking
Surprise is characterized by a physiological startle response following something unexpected.
It is a transient emotional state characterized by feelings of disappointment, grief, hopelessness, disinterest, and dampened mood.
Sadness can be expressed in a number of ways:
Crying
Dampened mood
Lethargy
Quietness
Withdrawal from others
It plays an important role in survival.
When people face some sort of danger and experience fear, they go through what is known as the fight or flight response: it helps ensure that they are prepared to effectively deal with threats in their environment.
Expressions of this type of emotion can include:
Facial expressions like widening the eyes and pulling back the chin
Body language like attempting to hide or flea from the threat
Physiological reactions like rapid breathing and heartbeat
Disgust can be displayed in a number of ways:
It can originate from a number of things like an unpleasant taste, sight, or smell.
People can also experience moral disgust when they observe others engaging in behaviors that they find distasteful, immoral, or evil.
Physical reactions like vomiting or retching
Facial expressions like wrinkling the nose and curling the upper lip
It is a powerful emotion characterized by feelings of hostility, agitation, frustration, and antagonism towards others.
When a threat generates feelings of anger, you may be inclined to fend off the danger and protect yourself.
Anger is often displayed through:
Facial expressions like frowning or glaring
Body language like taking a strong stance or turning away
Tone of voice such as speaking gruffly or yelling
Physiological responses like sweating or turning red
Aggressive behaviors such as hitting, kicking, or throwing objects
It can sometimes be a good thing; it can be constructive in helping clarify people's needs in a relationship, and it can also motivate them to take action and find solutions to things that are bothering them.
This type of emotion can be positive, negative, or neutral.
Surprise is often characterized by:
Facial expressions like raising the brows, widening the eyes, and opening the mouth
Physical responses such as jumping back
Verbal reactions like yelling, screaming, or gasping
Researchers believe that experiencing emotions can be highly subjective, meaning that people can experience the same emotion in different ways.
People don't always experience pure forms of each emotion. There are mixed emotions over different events or situations in our lives which are are common.
The amygdala which is part of the limbic system and plays an important role in emotion and particularly in fear.
The amygdala is a tiny, almond-shaped structure that has been linked to motivational states .
The amygdala becomes activated when for example, people are shown threatening images.
In addition, damage to the amygdala has been shown to impair the fear response.
The ability to accurately understand expressions of people around us is tied to what psychologists call emotional intelligence.
This means that
A stimulus leads to a physiological response that is then cognitively interpreted and labeled which results in an emotion.
Many of the physiological responses people experience during an emotion are regulated by the sympathetic nervous system, which is a branch of the autonomic nervous system.
The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary body responses.
The actual expression of emotion.
How are emotions and motivation linked?
On the one hand, emotions can be a factor of motivation, meaning that feeling a certain type of emotion, will motivate us to do things in different ways
These expressions play a major part in our overall body language.
On the other hand, people can be motivated to behave in a certain way, in order to feel a specific type of emotion, knowing that after behaving in a way, they will feel an emotion which is supposed to come after that behavior.
Besides, experiencing an emotion can depend on the person and the situation.
The sympathetic nervous system is charged with controlling the body's fight-or-flight reactions. When facing a threat, these responses automatically prepare your body to flee from danger or face the threat head-on.
1- Witness external stimuli
2- Physiological response
3- Emotional reaction depending on that reponse
1- There is always a stimuli in the environment
2- Physiological and emotional response at the same time
1- Stimuli
2- Physiological response
3- Cognitive label