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Corruption - Coggle Diagram
Corruption
Morocco:
- Corruption represents a problem for businesses in Morocco
- Almost all sections suffer from rampart corruption
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Police:-police sector is rife with corruption and impunity, and this has resulted in limited police effectiveness and respect of the rule of law
-Police men are often paid and bribed by citizens-
successful prosecution of police corruption has been reported
Property rights are well-defined and protected under Moroccan law, but rampant judicial corruption hampers the enforcement of property rights
Public services:The Moroccan public services administration is opaque and difficult to navigate presenting companies with moderate to high corruption risks. Basic administrations are generally undermined by a lack of resources, low skilled employees and pervasive corruption
Land Administration:
-Property rights are well-defined and protected under Moroccan law, but rampant judicial corruption hampers the enforcement of property rights
-More than two in every ten companies expect to give gifts to officials in return for a construction permit
Tax Administration:
-The tax administration carries moderate to high corruption risks to companies. Almost three in every ten companies expect to give gifts to tax officials, while bribery is sometimes exchanged in meetings with tax officials
Customs Administration:
-Corruption may be a problem within Morocco’s customs administration due to the occurrence of irregular payments in the process of importing and exporting
Public Procurement:
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- Bribes and irregular payments are often exchanged in return for obtaining public contracts and licenses.
Companies in Morocco indicate that public funds are sometimes diverted to companies, individuals or groups due to corruption, and government officials tend to show favoritism when deciding policies and contracts
Natural Resources:
The Government of Morocco has been criticized for a lack of effective resource governance, which has been mainly linked to an incomplete regulatory framework and insufficient disclosure policies .
Morocco is the world’s largest exporter of phosphate, which is an industry controlled by the royal family and by the elite who monopolize larger, multi-sector industries and who are close associates of the monarch.
Legislation
The Moroccan Criminal Code criminalizes corruption, active and passive bribery, giving and receiving gifts, attempted corruption, extortion, bribing a foreign public official and abuse of office.
Morocco has criminalized money laundering under the AML Law , which covers concealing and altering goods originating from trafficking, corruption, extortion, influence peddling and misappropriation of public and private property.
Civil Society
Morocco’s Constitution guarantees freedom of the press, but there is ample room for the government to crack down on the media
-The King and his government maintain considerable control over the press, and authorities may ban publications deemed offending and jail or fine journalists accused of defamation.
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Cameroon
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Red tape: is the real endemic of where corruption happens and this is a very simple process which starts businesses, buying or selling property, to the law courts which all require paperwork, interviews and alot of visit to the ministry offices.
In 2001, the Cameroon courts were rated the worlds fifth most corrupted country after having unpaid invoices which took 58 different procedures
Corruption is an endemic in Cameroon with a-lot of increase in the costs and doing business.
Bribery, nepotism and corruption are all part of the sectors of the Cameroon government and economy. In particular in the judiciary, public services, and customs.
Police
The police force is very inefficient, poorly trained and is fully corrupted. Bribery is very much used in the police and the offers demanding cash in exchange for granting freedom to unlawful detainees.
Land Administration
There is alot of corruption going around Cameroons land administration. However, getting property or buying land property is very hard due to the widespread of corruption that keeps on happy and Cameroonians are frequently buying brides from land administration officials.
Tax Administration
Cameroon´s tax administration has a very high risk of corruption. It is said the one in five companies are expected to give gifts to tax officals when having meetings with them.
Customs Administration
This is among the most corrupt in the department of public sectors in Cameroon. There borders are filed with burdensome imports procedures which often lead to problematic factors for trade for other countries.
Civil society
Cameroon provides fro freedom of speech and press however the government several restricts the rights in practice. Therefore, the government finically supports the media outlets which then is favorable of the government.
Natural Resources
The companies which operate in the natural resources sector are facing high corruption risk. Therefore, the bribery is extensive with senior officials, civil servants and companies all in-return for logging permits fuels which are illegal logging.
South Africa
Judicial system
Bribes and irregular payments in exchange for favorable judicial decisions are very uncommon. Around a quarter of South Africans believe that most or if not, all judges and magistrates are corrupt. Dispute resolution in South Africa can be time-intensive and dragging. Interim decisions can sometimes be taken by judges in a matter of days to a week, but resolving the dispute can ultimately take months or years. Consequently, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) has increased in popularity. Understaffing and a lack of financial resources does not reflect the quality of the judiciary. Enforcing a contract takes less time and money compared to regional averages.
Corruption in the judiciary is risky for businesses in South Africa. The judiciary is recognized widely as independent, but companies regardless indicate that they are not entirely confident in the independence of the judiciary.
A magistrate( in Randburg), namely Johannes Kgomo, was sentenced to 15 years in jail, for two corruption charges related to accepting a bribe to stop the extradition of Botswana fugitive Paul Mthabela .
The Police
Crime and petty corruption(abuse of power) in the police are significant risks when operating in South Africa. Businesses report the police are unreliable. Almost half of the South Africans indicate they believe most, if not, all police officers as corrupt. Traffic fines(speeding tickets) are the most common event in which bribes are requested in South Africa. The police sometimes request bribes, to protect businesses, that are owned by foreigners, to protect them against xenophobic violence.
Customs Administration
Corruption when importing and exporting goods, equipment etc, in South Africa poses a moderately high risk to companies. Incidents of irregular payments and bribes in relation to exports and imports at ports or borders occur often. Companies are not satisfied with the time allocation of customs procedures. The time and money required to trade across borders are generally in line with the regional average.
In a certain case, two customs officials were arrested for demanding a bribe from a businessman to evade taxes that were long overdue.
Natural Resources
Mining operations and businesses in South Africa are particularly vulnerable to corruption and illegal activities. The scale of mining operations and the large sums of income involved – coupled with many interactions with government officials such as securing concessions, customs clearance and obtaining permits – increase corruption risks alot. Illegal mining and money laundering are widespread in South Africa, costing the industry 5 to 10 percent of its yearly production. Corruption risks are a bit higher for the licensing process.
The sector also suffers from politicization, which often results in the mining regulator being staffed with individuals who do not possess the relevant knowledge nor expertise needed to make proper decisions. Corruption Watch (found in a 2017) report that this politicization along with many other shortcomings in the governance of the sector poses significant corruption risks.
Public Services
Corruption and inefficient government bureaucracy are important risks in South Africa’s public services sector; irregular payments and bribes are perceived to be very commonly exchanged, and nepotism and cronyism are very common. Legal, regulatory, and accounting systems are generally transparent and consistent with international normalities. Political uncertainty and the failure of economic policy to promote growth are major concerns for investors. Starting a business takes almost twice as long as elsewhere in the region, but the costs involved are only a small percentage of the regional average. Dealing with construction permits in the country takes a lot more steps compared to the regional average.
There are big concerns over the ability of businesses interests to influence government decisions. It is alleged that the Gupta family,(a wealthy family with close ties to former President Jacob Zuma), carried influence to the extent that they were able to rearrange cabinet members. A report by the Public Protector further shed light on the ties between the Guptas and Zuma and raised questions about several deals involving state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and possibly the effective ‘capture’ of key individuals in the SA Revenue Service and National Directorate of Public Prosecutions (NDPP). These ties are under investigation as of mid-2018; prosecutors seized more than USD 21 million worth of goods from the Gupta family.
Tax Administration
Corruption in tax authorities presents a moderate risk for companies. Companies indicate that bribes and irregular payments are not commonly demanded when making tax payments. Around a fourth of South Africans perceive most or all tax officials as corrupt. SARS operates a 24-hour Fraud and Anti-Corruption Hotline where companies can report corruption related to the tax administration.Paying taxes takes significantly less time and is done in fewer payments per year compared to the regional average.
Corruption in Nigeria
“the results of the study show that corruption in Nigeria could cost up to 37% of Gross Domestic Products (GDP) by 2030 if it’s not dealt with immediately. This cost is equated to around $1,000 per person in 2014 and nearly $2,000 per person by 2030. The boost in average income that we estimate, given the current per capita income, can significantly improve the lives of many in Nigeria”.
Five steps were used in the report to estimate Nigeria’s cost of corruption. The first step was to examine over 30 studies to understand the way that corruption affects GDP in Nigeria. The study was obtained from International organisations including the OECD, IMF, DFID and Transparency International, Nigerian Academics affiliated with Nigerian Universities published by other Academics across mediums such as journals, articles and PhD publications among others as well as in-house studies assessing the health of the Nigerian economy such as the World in 2050 publication. The IMF study was selected to estimate the impact of corruption on economic growth.
According to Dr Andrew S Nevin, (PhD), PwC Chief Economist and co-author of the report, PwC formulated the ways in which corruption impacts the Nigerian economy over time and then estimated the impact of corruption on Nigerian GDP, using empirical literature and PwC analysis.
“We estimate the ‘foregone output’ in Nigeria since the onset of democracy in 1999 and the ‘output opportunity’ to be gained by 2030, from reducing corruption to comparison countries that are also rich in natural resources. The countries we have used for comparison are: Ghana, Colombia and Malaysia”, he said.
The second step was to identify the impact of corruption on economic growth using the IMF study. The study estimates that the impact of 1 point change in the corruption index results in a 1.2 percentage point change in economic growth per annum. The study’s methodology - calculating impact on growth when a country moves from its own rank to another country’s rank on the corruption index was also used.
The third step in the report created 3 scenarios that show the lower levels of corruption that Nigeria could have achieved in the past and can achieve in the future while the fifth step calculated the impact of corruption on economic growth and output for each scenario.
Causes of Corruption
5) Regulator and Authorizations are also identified as major causes of corruption, where the policeman will be using impounded cars from criminals and NDLA are found to be using hard drugs that are sized.
4) The country is also a place in the world were a man’s source of wealth is of no concern to his neighbor, the public or the government. The massage is those who have not made it is clear just be rich the ways and means are irrelevant, Ubeku(1991).
3) Informal rules are found to supersede formal ones thereby making stringent legal principles and procedure to lose their authority.
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1) Lipset and Lenze (2000) identify social diversity, ethno-linguistic fractionalization and the proportion of country population with different traditions.
Types of Corruption
- Moral Corruption: This is exhibited in sexual pervasiveness, greed especially i.e. uncontrollable tongue such that leaks secrets or slanders in busy-body, indecent dressing or appearance etc.
- Economic Corruption e.g. manufacturing fake drugs adulteration of drinks, piracy, and fraud at all levels etc.
- Political and Bureaucratic Corruption: It is illegal unethical and unauthorized exploitation of one’s political or official position for personal gain. It has to do with public affairs- goods fortunes agencies and resources. It is therefore corruption against the state or its agencies by a person holding an official position in pursuit of private profit.
- Electoral Corruption: This has to do with electoral frauds such as election frauds such as election rigging manipulation, ballot stuffing registration of under age and many others. The above does not exhaust what lists of corruption we still have other types of corruptions such as educational, religious and family
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