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The 15 Global Challenges Anotación 2020-05-14 183036, 10 Effects, PASONA…

- - - - Create audit procedures to expose ethical assumptions in algorithms.
      - Establish an international IAEA-like system to deter cyber and information warfare.
      - Enforce measures to reduce corruption such as those recommended by Transparency International.
      - Require civics and ethics in all forms of education.
      - Make ethics part of performance evaluation criteria.
      - Develop new social contracts between governments and citizens’ rights and responsibilities to prevent future forms of massively destructive terrorism.
      - Explore how transparency policies can be implemented.
      - Use entertainment media to promote “make decisions that are good for me, you, and the world.”
      - Revoke corrupt officials’ travel visas.
      - Promote parental guidance.
      - Create better incentives for ethics in global decisions.
- - - - Mothers should use their educational role in the family to assertively nurture gender equality and should be supported by their families, communities, and the media to do this.
      - Make policies to change social structures that help women meet the demands of their careers and family responsibilities.
      - Encourage girls’ education, especially in STEM education and innovation to reach income parity soon.
      - Where possible, ensure free (or employer-paid) preschool and child care.
      - Equal remuneration for work of equal value has to be integrated into law.
      - Pursue government policies that encourage female university graduates to start their own businesses.
      - Occupational and sectoral segregation should be eliminated by valuing care work similarly to other professional work, thus also addressing gender stereotyping.
      - Popularize mobile-phone apps that instantly report violence to police and follows up on investigation and prosecution.
      - Make international aid programs conditional on respect for women’s rights, enforcement of treaties protecting women rights, and prosecution.
      - Apply sanctions for non-compliance on international treaties on women’s rights.
      - Increase women’s participation in peace-building negotiations and foreign aid administration.
      - Create and implement laws against treating females as second-class citizens, violence against women, patriarchal attitudes, and barbarian practices such as female genital mutilation and “honor killings.”
      - There should be no age limit for prosecution for violence and rape.
      - Ensure a woman’s rights to land ownership and financing.
      - Fight gender stereotyping in the media and increase the percent of women executives in journalism.
      - Add martial arts and other forms of self-defense in elementary and secondary schools’ physical education classes for girls, not only for self-defense but also as a deterrence policy.
  - - - HEALTH GENDER GAP
        
        The health gap between male and female is also closing. However, women are still facing health inequities due to their specific needs around reproductive health care. Women living in poor and marginalized areas are especially suffering serious health consequencesThe health gap between male and female is also closing. However, women are still facing health inequities due to their specific needs around reproductive health care. Women living in poor and marginalized areas are especially suffering serious health consequences
      - VIOLENCE
        
        According to UN, almost 35% of women experienced physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime
        
        Most of the violence is committed by intimate partner:
        
        More than 30% of women who have been in a relationship have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by their intimate partner
        
        Around 38% of murders of women are committed by male intimate partner (as of November 2016)
        
        In 15 countries, domestic violence is still legal; 85% of victims are women (as of May 2017)
        
        The Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014remarks that in the 133 countries surveyed (representing 88% of world’s population):
        
        48% of women who were injured due to violence needed health care, but only 36% sought it
        
        A rate of childhood sexual abuse marked differences by sex; 18% of girls have experienced the abuse, compared to 7% of boys
      - POTENCIAL INSTRUMENTS
      - REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
      - T
      - POLITICAL
        
        EMPOWER
        
        Women account for 23.5% of parliaments worldwide, compared to 11.3%in 1995
        
        In 47 countries, the rate of women legislators is over 30% (as of July 2017)
        
        10 womenserve as Heads of State and 9 serve as Head of government (as of January 2017)
        
        An increasing number of countries and parties have quotas to promote women’s political participation
        
        PROBLEMS
        
        38 Stateshave parliaments with less than 10% women, including 4 chambers with no women at all (as of 2016)
        
        Women’s leadership and political participation are still restricted
        
        Gender discrimination
        
        Male dominated culture in politics
        
        35% of women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or nonpartner sexual violence
      - EDUCATION
        
        .
        
        According to World’s Women Report, 58 million children of primary school age are out of school worldwide; more than 50% of these are girls
        
        Women are underrepresented in fields related to science, engineering, manufacturing and construction
        
        Estimated 781 million people aged 15 and over remain illiterate; 496 million are women
        
        Illiteracy rates are highest among older people and are higher among women than men
        
        More than 800 million women lack skills necessary for improving their economic opportunity
- - - - Africa has serveral opportunities in the area of food because they import a lot. The tendency claims that Africa would increase their population in countries as Nigeria (That they think it would be the 3rd most occupied in 2050. Their population is really young but they face a lot of challenges in the future as unemployment and hunger.
    - - More than 60% of the projected growing in population will take place in Asia, but cities are an important point to focus because of high risk of pollution and climate change.China is a place that would own a big quantity of cities and megacities (over 10 million citizens) and also facing the fact of old ageing population.
    - - Europe has faced recently immigrant big waves that came from wars of countries as Lybia and Syria. Europe is also facing ageing process, but not only because they own many old people but also because life expectancy is getting higher.
    - - This is the only region that achieved the halving of hunger, and also has huge tendency of growing cities for 2030 (85 percent of the ground). Also some countries are investing on food and agricultural stuff. The problems that mostly this countries face are related with health, poverty, and corruption.
    - - The US is facing big quantities of eldery people and retirement stuff. Other problems that they face are some health problems as diabetes or obesity but also they are working a lot on tech stuff related to medicine and biotechnology as nenotech and genomic medicine.
- - - - Actions to Address Global Challenge 7:
        
        Poorer regions should be assisted in investing more in developing finished products for export and extending local value chains instead of relying on commodities and “leapfrogging” to more advanced technology.
        
        Raise minimum wages and address executive wages.
        
        Consider seriously new progressively equalizing instruments, e.g. wealth tax and revising inheritance laws.
        
        Counter entrenched privilege.
        
        Promote Decentralized Autonomous Organizations for an unlimited number of peer-to-peer ad hoc “workers.”
        
        Explore guaranteed income programs, as next technologies may lead to long-term structural unemployment, and create cash flow projections to explore financial sustainability of universal basic income.
        
        Tax next technologies for new income to social support systems and create tax systems that ensure big business and wealthy individuals pay their fair share.
        
        Invest in Kickstarter-like crowd sourcing to reduce the concentration of wealth.
        
        Explore alternative transaction systems like blockchain and cryptocurrencies (over 850 cryptocurrencies with $145 trillion (not billion) market capitalization).
        
        Explore global workforce sourcing solutions that overcome immigration and migration barriers to allow qualified workers to move where they can meet the vacant skilled labor requirements.
        
        Expand micro-credit and small business credit systems and business training.
        
        Conduct training programs on how to use mobile phone Internet access to find and develop markets worldwide instead of looking for non-existent local jobs.
        
        Establish community centers for access and training for self-employed to use advanced technology like 3D printing, AI/robotics, and AI apps.
        
        The capital requirements for start-ups are increasingly low—consider YouTube, Facebook, Uber, etc.
        
        Increase emphasis on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education and lifelong learning and retraining.
        
        Create mechanisms to help people invest in automations that replace their job; e.g., truck drivers manage and invest into ownership of driverless trucks.
        
        Create personal AI/Avatars to support self-employment.
        
        Give greater attention to the frontiers for work related to the forthcoming biological revolution, which may be as large as or larger than the industrial or information revolutions.
        
        Establish Labor/Business/Government Next Technologies databases.
        
        By 2030, the global middle class is expected to grow by 66% – about 3 billion more consumers with increased purchasing power and expectations.
        
        According to the World Bank, the share of people in the world living on less than $1.9 a day fell from about 44% (1.99 billion people) in 1981, to 35% (1.85 billion people) in 1990, 12.4% (some 891 million people) in 2012, 10.7% (767 million people) in 2013, and the UN SD goal is to eliminate in by 2030.
        
        The number of people in the developing world living on less than $3.1/day declined from 2.9 billion in 1990 to 2.1 billion in 2012; the population of people in developing country has increased from 4.4 billion to over 6 billion over that period.
        
        The ILO reports that the number of working poor has also declining globally; from the early 2000’s to 2015, the number of workers living below $1.9/day declined from 33.2 per cent to 12.0 per cent, while the number of the workers living below $3.1/day declined from from 57.3 per cent to 27.9 per cent over the same period.
        
        ILO estimates that the rate of workers living in extreme poverty conditions will continue to decrease to some 7% by 2020.
        
        According to UNDP’s Multidimensional Poverty Index, about 1.5 billion people — a third of the population of the 91 countries covered by the index — live in multidimensional poverty and another 800 million people are highly vulnerable to it, and over 80% of the world’s population lack comprehensive social protection.
- - - - China plans to make 3D printers available to its 400,000 primary schools within two years.
      - South Korea uses telepresence robots with remote native speakers to teach English.
      - Finland plans to use an interdisciplinary approach to teach events and phenomena instead of subjects.
      - Dubai uses 3D glasses, holograms and VR for immersive learning.
      - As neuroscience and psychology improve, their research findings can inform teaching strategies.
  - - - According to UNESCO, 38 % of African adults (some 153 millions) are illiterate and two-thirds of these are women.
      - Some 10 million youth drop-out of school per year in sub-Saharan Africa.
      - Although African school attendance has increased 33% since 1999, 43% of the world’s primary school-aged children out of school are in Africa.
    - - The expenditure on education is now 3.8% of the GDP in Middle Eastern and North African countries and it is expected to continue to increase.
    - - Half the world’s illiterate adults live in South and West Asia
      - Youth literacy in South and West Asia is 81%.
    - - Much of higher education is free or at very low cost in Europe.
      - The EU’s Institute for Prospective Technological Studies is leading the Open Educational Resources project in Europe (OEREU) on how to use Open Educational Resources and envision educational scenarios to 2030.
    - - Free inquiry and pursuit of new insights and truth may be reduced by this ideological tug-of-war over the education of the next generation.
      - Argentina and Costa Rica are the largest investors in education in Latin America.
    - - A University of Pennsylvania study found only an average of 4% complete the courses
- - - - There´s been an awakening in democratic topics thanks to internet, but the problem comes that there are many conflicts in countries as Sudan or Congo where there is no real control of the situation and there´s even slavory on this region.
    - - The Arab Spring brang some democracy to this region but the war, violence and death is still spreading in some other countries as Israel or Irak.
    - - Even that they don´t have wars or conflicts, there is a great amounth of crontroller governors that sensor communications and internet as in China. Some militar places as North Korea force their people to run away to other places in order to seek new opportunities.
    - - Europe is considered as the only free whole region of the world thanks to the union and balance of the European Union, but the problem comes with people, because many citizens don´t really trust the EU, specially when there´s something related with Russia.
    - - This region has just 2 countries that are not considered free because of their governors methods (Cuba and Venezuela) but this countries lead their people to leave to other countries as Mexico, Uruguay, Argentina and some others. Meanwhile, many countries of the region are considered "half free" because of the factors they own as weak government institutions they own, the war against the organized crime and human traffic.
    - - This countries own good political systems but problems come when we speak about corruption and fake news. In the US we have this huge scandals about thinks as Wikileaks, Russia interfeiring on their 2016 ellection meanwhile Canada had some changes in regulation about charity that made people think bad or miss trust on their organizations.
- - - - Transparent and accountable government
      - Listening to complaints
      - Reducing corruption
      - Providing financial support
      - United Nations peacekeeping
    - - Inequality
        Unemployment
        Rising food prices
        Abuses of power
        Crime, terrorism
        Inadequate government
  - - - The African Union has set up a Rapid Reaction Force to deal with outbreaks of violence on the continent.
      - Youth unemployment, illiteracy of about 50% among young people, and 11.6 million AIDS orphans may fuel a new generation of violence and crime.
    - - The Middle East accounted for 29% of global arms imports
      - If, instead of violence and weapons, the response were desalination units and economic opportunities for the one million unemployed Yemenis, the chances of ending the violence in the region could increase significantly.
    - - Long-term global perspectives and possibly international intervention will be needed to resolve conflicts over energy resources in the South China Sea, where China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and the Philippines
      - China's internal problems of water, energy, demography, urbanization, income disparities and development projects that displace villagers will have to be well managed to avoid future conflicts.
    - - Western Europe is the most peaceful region in the world, with no internal or external conflicts.
      - UNHCR estimates that the number of migrants and asylum-seekers arriving in Europe by sea increased to over 218,000 in 2014, compared to 80,000 in 2013, and some 3,500 lives were lost
    - - The war on drugs in Mexico caused more deaths than in Afghanistan.
      - Criminal violence and threats have displaced more than 7 million people in the region - over 436,500 by 2014 - a 12 per cent increase compared to 2013.
      - To eliminate criminal gangs, Latin America must address inequality and develop education systems that meet the requirements of the knowledge economy.
    - - Domestic terrorism and the lone wolf add a new dimension to U.S. security challenges. Since 2006, 98% of all terrorist deaths were caused by attacks
- - - - Saltwater agriculture on coastlines
        
        Hydroponics
        
        Aquaponics
        
        Vertical urban agriculture installations in buildings
        
        Producing pure meat without growing animals
      - Increasing vegetarianism
      - Fixing leaking pipes
      - The reuse of treated water
    - - LATIN AMERICA
        
        Has 26% of the world’s freshwater and 6% of its population.
        About 125 million people in Latin America lack access to sanitation services
        
        About 25% of the population (over 100 million) live in water-stressed areas, mainly in Mexico, Argentina, and the countries along the west coast.
        
        Of the water used in CDMX, 50% comes from the aquifers.
        In 30-50 years there will be no water in the capital :warning:
- - - - Short Overview and Regional Considerations
        The world is in a race to make enough safe energy fast enough to meet the growing needs of an expanding and wealthier population
        The new energy sources could well come from a combination of green renewable sources, energy efficiencies, and improved network distribution, storage systems, and distributed generation..
        
        Innovations are accelerating:
        
        Drilled hot rock geothermal (several kilometers down) makes geothermal energy available where conventional geothermal has not been possible, assuming sufficient water is available (The U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory will lead a $9 million project to remove technical barriers to commercialization of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) for electricity generation).
        
        Solar farms can focus sunlight atop towers with Stirling engines and other generators
        
        Concentrator photovoltaics dramatically reduce costs and desalinate water by pumping sea water through micro-channels on the surface of the solar panel
        
        Waste heat from power plants, human bodies, and microchips can generate electricity
        
        There is no question that renewable sources of energy such as combinations of photovoltaics, solar thermal, biomass, wind, and drilled geothermal can replace fossil fuels. The issue is to agree on focused strategy to make the changes. Over half of the new energy generation capacity comes from renewable sources today; however, coal met 47% of new electricity demand over the past decade.
        
        Regional Considerations
        Asia and Oceania: The enormous population and economic growth is leading to the higher energy prices and shortages. According to the ADB, the Asia Pacific regional energy demand could double by 2030, by 2035 the region will consume 56% of the world’s annual energy output, and today there are about a billion people without electricity. India alone has 289 million people without electricity.
        
        Middle East and North Africa: Chaotic geopolitics in the region and oil price fluctuations represent serious challenges for the oil and gas producers, as they struggle to maintaining incomes from exports and to continue fostering investment from international energy companies to sustain national economic goals. Additionally, decreased demand from the global markets and competition from unconventional hydrocarbon production change the oil demand order
        
        Europe:
        The EU announced it plans to cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030 from 1990 levels, increase both is efficiency and renewable energy sources by 27% from 1990 levels by 2030. Currently it has reduced emissions by 18.3% since 1990, and is likely to be 25% below 1990 levels by 2020. Renewable sources account for about 13% of the EU’s overall energy consumption today and plans to increase that to 20% by 2020. Sweden has the highest share of renewable energy in total consumption at 46.8% (non-EU Norway has the share of 65%). The EU also will improve energy efficiency 30% by 2030. The new climate and green energy targets, however, do not include legally binding national targets..
        
        Latin America:
        The region increased its share of the world’s clean energy investments from 5.7% in 2011 to 6% in 2012. Brazil has been the cheapest biofuel producer for years, but it is losing its competitiveness due to the real’s rise against the dollar and the high price of sugarEcuador announced that it would refrain from drilling for oil in the Amazon rainforest reserve in return for up to $3.6 billion in payments from industrial countries. Venezuela’s Orinoco heavy oil reserves (requiring advanced production technology) are larger than Saudi Arabia’s reserves. Cuba plans to increase its renewable energy production by 12% by 2020.The Spanish-owned electric grid company was nationalized in Bolivia. Peru is promoting the use of natural gas from its new reserves discovered in the Camisea field.
        North America:
        Wind and solar now account for 10% of U.S. total electricity production, while total energy consumption has been slowly falling over the past five years.Google says it will run entirely on renewable energy in 2017. The world’s largest solar thermal power plant started operation in California’s Mojave Desert, and Tesla’s $3,500 lithium-ion storage battery to save surplus electricity can help expand the application of rooftop solar energy. U.S
  - - - this also means that everything is potentially vulnerable—from hacking driverless cars, planes, and ships to brain/computer interfaces and nanomedicine. Synthetic biology inventions could escape their environments, causing massive damage to nature.E-waste pollution is growing worldwide, with the potential to poison groundwater. Nanoparticles might bio-accumulate in the body, causing health problems.
        
        New combinations and manipulations of genetic molecules and life forms will be developed to create the biological revolution, as new combinations of matter and energy created the industrial revolution. Atomically precise fabrication will build machines to revolutionize efficiency of physical production. Implantable biosensors in micro-robots in the body will diagnose and provide therapies while transmitting virtual reality imagery outside the body.
    - - ·Create global means to link research agendas to human needs and threats.
        
        Establish some kind of international S&T organization to improve the human condition more as an online public access global collective intelligence system rather than as an intergovernmental body like UNESCO.
        
        Support research to prevent future artificial super intelligence evolving against human interests.
        
        Encourage scientist to take an oath similar to the Hippocratic Oath taken by physicians to “do no harm.”
        
        Pass laws to prosecute “patent trolls” (firms that don’t produce anything but simply file patent lawsuits for extortion) to drop deceitful patent law cases.
        
        Create systems to remove space debris, or else access to space may become too hazardous.
        
        Explore ways to limit access to materials and S&T information that can be used by individuals for destructive purposes.
    - - Computational chemistry, computational biology, and computational physics are changing the nature and speed of new scientific insights and technological applications. This speed is accelerating as its use of computers is accelerated by Moore’s law. This will be further accelerated with future forms of artificial intelligence and the advent quantum computing.
      - Chinese scientists have altered the genome of a human embryo, robots staff a hotel in Japan, a zero-fuel solar plane is flying (with stops) around the world, scanning electron microscopes can see 0.01 nanometers (the distance between a hydrogen nucleus and its electron), and the Hubble telescope has seen 13.2 billion light-years away. Photons have been slowed and accelerated.
        
        A small scale magnetic wormhole has been demonstrated. External light has been concentrated inside the body for photodynamic therapy and powering implanted devices. DNA scans open the possibility of customized medicine and elimination of hereditary diseases. MRI brain imaging shows primitive pictures of real-time thought processes. Elementary brain to brain communications have be demonstrated; thought in one brain electronically transferred to anther caused physical response of the second person. Scientists have delayed the aging process in mice by restoring intra-cell molecular communications.
      - Free online university courses proliferate; open source hardware and software are sharing the means of production; and a crowd-sourced international computer game called Foldit solved a complex protein folding problem opening the door to global participatory citizen science connecting thousands and millions of personal computers into ah hoc instant super computers. Singularity University is bringing together top experts on advanced accelerating technology, business leaders, investors, and students to create and implement businesses from medicine to agriculture to affect billions of people.
    - - Technology and Innovation promises to increase the percent of GDP for S&T. Low levels of R&D investment, weak institutions, brain drain, and poor access to markets continue to impede Africa’s S&T innovation potential. Primary commodities continue to dominate Africa’s exports; S&T innovation is needed to create added value to exports and to leapfrog into future biotechnology, nanotech, and renewable energy prospects.
      - Asia and Oceania
        Chinese patent filings have increased 500% in the last five years and it has invested more in clean energy technology than the U.S. Other Asian countries with double-digit economic growth have also experienced double-digit growth in R&D expenditures. India graduates 20 engineers for every law graduate, and Australia is investing heavily in its National Nanofabrication Facility.
      - Latin America:
        Mexico’s National Center for Genetic Resources is a leader for genetic resources for developing countries in agriculture, livestock, aquaculture, forestry, and microbial research. OECD, UNESCO, EU, the U.S., and China are helping countries in the region with innovation systems.
      - North America
        The U.S. National Institutes of Health remains the largest source of non-military scientific research funding in the world; however federal R&D research and facilities fell 9% in fiscal year 2013.Boeing has proposed low-earth orbit fuel depots. Blue Origin is working on reusable rockets and spacecraft to launch astronauts to suborbital and orbital space. Stratolaunch plans to use a huge airplane to air launch space capsules. In 2011, three AI courses were offered free online by well-known Stanford University professors.
- - - - :star: Global Challenge 8: How can the threat of new and reemerging diseases and immune microorganisms be reduced?
        
        The health of humanity continues to improve; life expectancy at birth increased globally from 46 years in 1950 to 67 years in 2010 and 71.5 years in 2015. Total mortality from infectious disease fell from 25% in 1998 to 15.9% in 2015. Children are receiving the highest level of routine immunization coverage in history. Indigenous measles and rubella have been eliminated from the Americas, and maternal and neonatal tetanus have been eliminated in Southeast Asia. Malaria cases decreased by 41% from 2000 to 2015. As the world ages, chronic diseases are increasing (i.e., deaths due to stroke, heart disease, and cancers).
        However, WHO verified more than 1,100 epidemic events over the past five years, and antimicrobial resistance, malnutrition, and obesity are increasing. TB is the leading infection cause of death globally, with increasing drug resistance. Zika in the Americas and cholera in Yemen (half a million) and Haiti (1 million) continue to spread, while urban yellow fever in Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo prompted the largest emergency vaccination campaign ever undertaken in Africa—30 million people were successfully vaccinated. WHO is monitoring avian influenza in nearly 50 countries and continues to warn that the world is not prepared for a major epidemic.
        
        The most advanced vaccine for malaria will be tested in 2018 in Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi, while human trials for an HIV vaccine are in progress. HIV/AIDS continues to decrease: about 1.8 million people were infected with HIV in 2016, down from 5.4 million in 1999; 1 million died of HIV‑related illness in 2016, down from 2 million in 2010; and 19.5 million people with HIV (53%) were on treatment, up from 17.1 million in 2015.
        
        Embryo gene editing has begun and could eventually eliminate inherited disease tendencies, including infectious diseases; however, such editing for human enhancement is quite controversial, and a U.S. National Academy of Sciences panel has recommended against such research at this time. Regenerative medicine holds the potential to create living, functional cells and tissues extending life, and DNA repair and other longevity research continue.
        
        But investment and development of new antibiotics have not kept pace with current and potential antibiotic resistance around the world. No new classes of antibiotics have come on the market for more than 25 years. A superbug (with mcr-1 gene) resistant to antibiotics now exists on several continents. Making antibiotics much stronger is being explored to prevent drug residence by reducing the time needed to be cured. A universal vaccine to bring up the immune system could become an alternative to slow the process of making new vaccines for new versions of diseases. Genomic vaccines are being tested to inject DNA or RNA into cells to produce a desired protein to help train the immune system to eliminate a selected pathogen. But how should we prioritize funds for infectious diseases? Should it be number of currently infected people or economic impact vs. potential for spread of infection vs. mortality rates? As the aging populations of richer countries are expected to exhaust medical budgets, will China, India, and other growing economies pick up to burden?
        
        Meanwhile, global health research investment has been stagnant or falling since 2009, excluding the billions in emergency funding set aside during the Ebola outbreak. The new U.S. administration proposes to cut funding for global heath by 24% along with local cuts in both NIH and CDC. From 2000 to 2009, global health spending grew an average of 11.4% annually, but it fell to 1.8% annually from 2010 to 2016.
        
        Actions to Address Global Challenge 8:
        
        Implement WHO Global Vaccine Action Plan.
        
        Increase support to anticipate and counter drug resistance.
        
        Improve global plans and resiliency training to address future major epidemics.
        
        Create and implement strategies to counter the barriers to developing new classes of antibiotics and bringing them to market.
        
        Complete mortality records worldwide to improve data base for research; only half of all deaths have recorded causes.
        
        Increase global health funding to its previous annual increase of about 10%.
        
        Focus on early detection, accurate reporting, prompt isolation, and transparent information and communications infrastructure.
        
        Increase tele-medicine and AI diagnostics as the shortage of health workers continues to worsen in poorer regions of the world.
        
        Increase investment in clean drinking water, sanitation, and hand washing.
        
        Optimize the use of current health technologies (drugs, devices, biological products, medical and surgical procedures, support systems, and organizational systems) with corporate/NGO partnering for holistic approaches to health care.
        
        Encourage telemedicine, including online self-diagnosis and AI, expert software.
        
        Climate change and other global environmental changes are resulting in changes in the magnitude and pattern of risks, underlining the need for increased investment in monitoring and surveillance
- - - - Conduct a feasibility study of the above strategy.
      - Include organized crime as a crime against humanity recognized by the ICC.
      - Analyze outcomes and study transferability of India’s demonetization attempt to reduce organized crime
      - Draw lessons from the end of Colombia’s conflict with FARC, which sustained its armed insurgency with illicit drug trafficking, illegal mining, and extortion.
      - Engage farmers in high-income agricultural alternatives to illegal production, and focus policing efforts on drug traffickers rather than peasant farmers who grow illicit crops.
  - - - Africa: The income from foreign aid to Africa and its losses from organized crime over the last 50 years are about the same – one trillion dollars; each year since 2000 it loses over $50 billion to illicit financial flows. In September 2013 an INTERPOL operation in Ethiopia and Uganda resulted in the arrest of 53 persons, the liberation of more than 300 trafficking victims, and the identification of a large number of illegal immigrants. Nigeria, jointly with UNODC and the EU, has launched a nationwide three-year anti-human trafficking campaign. There are reports of males being trafficked from Kenya to the Gulf States as sex slaves. Kenya is starting a project to implant tracking chips in the horns of more than 1000 rhinos, to stem an epidemic of wildlife poaching, a crime that is a severe problem in much of the continent to supply Asian markets with rhino horns and other animal parts. Corruption remains one of the most serious impediments to fighting organized crime in most African countries.
    - - Asia continues to have the greatest number of slaves. ILO reports that 59% of human trafficking happens in Asia and the Middle East. India has 40% of world’s estimated 45.8 million slaves.China has 13% of the value of global illegal markets, the second largest in the world at $261 billion. The PATROL project, funded by Australia and the U.S., seeks to improve border security at land borders, seaports and airports by working with frontline officers in China and all the countries of Southeast Asia. The Tri-Border Initiative protects the vital seaways between Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines against piracy, but piracy is reported returning to the Malacca Strait. Large tracts of land in Fiji are believed to have been bought up by the Russian Mafia. A report says Australia has a multi-billion-dollar drug enterprise, and Australians are among the world’s highest per capita consumers of illicit stimulants. There is a thriving illegal international trade in human organs bought from very poor people and sold to very rich ones.
    - - he report estimates that there are 3,600 active organised crime groups in the EU, 70% are composed of multiple nationalities, and that counterfeiting, substandard products, and cyber crimes are growing. There is a tendency for gangs to be replaced by individual criminal enterprises. The main illicit markets in the EU generate around 110 billion euro each year.The SOCTA is designed to assist strategic decision-makers in the prioritization of organized crime threats. The SOCTA is designed to assist strategic decision-makers in the prioritization of organized crime threats. The EU has strengthened controls on money transfers across its borders to address trafficking and money laundering, especially in Eastern Europe, but the 2007 accession of Bulgaria and Romania has made trafficking of women from those countries easier. In 2012 an INTERPOL-led operation against illicit goods trafficking in Eastern Europe rounded up more than 1,400 individuals and seized 7.3 million illegally trafficked goods.
    - - Because Mexico and Colombia are succeeding against organized crime, criminals are migrating to other countries in Latin America from these two countries. Large numbers of children are fleeing drug wars in Central America to cross into the US. More than 60,000 people were killed in Mexican drug violence in 2006-2012; and 2,200 deaths were reported in December 2012 – January 2013. Mexico’s cartels receive more money (an estimated $25–$40 billion) from smuggling drugs to the U.S. than Mexico earns from oil exports. Mexican drug cartels are rapidly moving south, into Central America, and are branching out, with La Familia exporting $42 million worth of stolen iron ore from Michoacán in a year. The “war on drugs” in Latin America is hindered by the lack of joint strategy among the governments of North and Latin America. It is also complicated by Latin America’s being a major locale for the phenomenon of “criminal diaspora” – criminals being driven to adjoining countries by law enforcement or seeing more opportunities for profit in the territory just over the border.
    - - Transnational Organized Crime Rewards Program authorizes the Secretary of State to give rewards for actions that help dismantle transnational criminal organizations, identify or locate key leaders, disrupt financial mechanisms, and lead to the arrest or conviction of members and leaders. The U.S. has a third of the world’s illegal market value at $625.6 billion. The International Organized Crime Intelligence and Operations Center integrates U.S.rug criminal gangs have swelled in the U.S. to an estimated 1 million members, responsible for up to 80% of crimes in communities across the nation. Organized crime and its relationship to terrorism should be treated as a national security threat. Canada continues as a major producer and shipper of methamphetamines and ecstasy.
- - - - the use of methane hydrates or otherwise disturbing deeper seabeds releases more methane to the atmosphere and accelerates global warming
        
        melting ice in polar regions reflect less light, absorbs more heat, which further increases melting. :warning: