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Imperialism, Effects of Migration, Responses to Imperialism, Migration,…
Imperialism
Main Events
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1868: Kimberly Diamond Strike, South Africa
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Major Trends
European, American, Japanese states expand overseas
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before 1800, European countries were not more power than advanced societies in Asia
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China and India deindustrialized as factory-made goods in Europe and US replaced their manufactured goods
forced colonized people in Africa to produce and sell industrial products: rubber, palm oil, diamonds, gold
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Effects of Migration
Gender
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gender imbalances occurred at both ends of migration process as more males migrated than other demographic groups
Racial Hierarchies
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migration from Asia into white settler states began, white elites in some states responded with racist restrictions
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New Communities
immigrants lived near or with people in same region in their new countries, forming ethnic enclaves
Global Capitalism
contributed to de-industrialization in some parts of the world while supporting industrialization in Europe, US, and Japan
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Responses to Imperialism
India
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Indian soldiers employed by East India Company and leaders of independent Indian states rebelled against British control in 1857
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Africa
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Ashanti Empire resisted British for most of 1800s, during Yaa Asantewaa War
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Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movements: response to displacement from British and Dutch settler colonialism in Southern Africa
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Others:
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Tupac Amaru II: bloody revolt against Spanish viceroy of Peru, did not break imperialist control
Migration
Transportation
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Italian migrants crossed Atlantic twice a year from southern Europe to Argentina and back, working harvests in north and southern hemispheres
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global urbanization
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many others crossed Atlantic to relocated to Boston, Buenos Aires, New York to seek employment in industrial economies
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Labor
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British used convicts for labor in colonies in Indian Ocean and Australia as did southern states in US (highly racialized)
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State Expansion
Colonies
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Belgium, Germany, US came to existence after 1750 and established colonies overseas in 1800s
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after Meiji Restoration, Japan industrialized and expanded to mainland and island East Asia
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Expanding Empires
British: North America, Caribbean Islands, India (EIC)
Gained: India, Austalia, New Zealand, Africa, Hong Kong
Loss: 13 colonies
American Revolution, Opium War, Great Indian Rebellion
French: North America, Caribbean, South Asia
Gained: India, Southeast Asia
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Japan: Taiwan, Liaodong Peninsula, Korea (protectorate)
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US: Caribbean, Pacific, Philippeans, Westward expansion
Aguinaldo, Liliuokalani, Spanish-American and Philippine Wars, American Indian Wars, Ghost Dance
Russia: Eurasia, Central Asia, Poland, Caucasus
war with Ottoman Empire, indigenous resistance and cooperation, nationalist movements with non-Russians
Environmental Factors
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Kimberly Diamond Strike
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Cecil Rhodes made enormous profit and created his own colony in southern Africa, Rhodesia
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imperialists in Africa and India used state power (taxation) to coerce laborers to work on transportation networks to export commodities
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