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Periapical Radiographs - Coggle Diagram
Periapical Radiographs
Quality standards
Good density and contrast
Adequate number of films (parallax)
S.L.O.B rule
Parallax indicated in multi-rooted teeth
Correct anatomical coverage
All of tooth/teeth shown
2-3 periapical bone visible
(Adequate processing and darkroom technique)
Optimal image geometry
Techniques
Paralleling technique
Bisecting angle technique
Vertical angulation too small - image elongated
Vertical angulation too large - image foreshortened
Types
Phosphor plates
Solid-state sensors
Analogue film
Anatomy
PDL 0.25-0.4 mm
Crestal bone 0.5-1.9 mm below CEJ
Maxilla
Nasal
Nasal cavities
Anterior nasal spine
Inferior concha
Nasal septum
Incisive foramen (and canal)
Median palatine suture
Y-line of Ennis
Zygomatic process of maxilla
Pneumatization of alveolar bone
Maxillary tuberosity
Pterygoid hamulus and pterygoid plate
Mandible
Lingual foramen (and genial tubercles)
ID canal
Mental foramen
External oblique ridge
Mental ridges
Mylohyoid ridge (and submandibular fossa)
Coronoid process of mandible
Pathology
Within tooth
Pulp sclerosis
Dens invaginatus
Internal resorption
External resorption
Dilaceration
Periodontal/periapical
Hypercementosis
Chronic periapical periodontitis
Widened PDL
Sclerosing osteitis
Granuoma
Radicular cyst
Acute periapical periodontitis
Loss of lamina dura
Rarefying osteitis
Perio-endo lesion
Ideopathic osteosclerosis
Trauma
Widening of PDL
Fracture
Dento-alveolar fracture
