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collective intelligence, ENEMIES OF CI, LEARNING LOOPS :, organising…
collective intelligence
striking imbalance between the smartness of the tools we have and the more limited smartness of the results
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enhanced capacity created when distributed groups of people work together, often with the help of technology, to mobilise more information, ideas and insights to solve a problem.
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self-aware, self-critical and willing to learn
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LEARNING LOOPS :
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organizational hierarchies often struggle to operationalize all three loops because the latter two are so likely to threaten the status of leaders or specialists. - they raise questions and require criticism and skepticism p.85 Knowledge is skewed by power and status and our pre-existing beliefs p.91
the combination of networks and hierarchies when helped by systematic looped learning, can be effective at making a system collectively intelligent.
Important to privilege intelligence over power, and the system's interest in learning over the individual institution's interest in keeping errors hidden.see also New and old power values Timms and heiman
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Jerome Bruner
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Constructivist Theory A major theme in the theoretical framework of Bruner is that learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge. ... The instructor and student should engage in an active dialog (i.e., socratic learning).
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education = transmission of knowledge but some eudcaitons are also concentrating on generic abilities to learn, collaborate, and create alongside transmission of knoweldge.
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Bowker & Star
Embedded in working infra -structures they become relatively invisible without losing any of that po ~.er. In this book we demonstrate that classifications sh ould be recognized as the significant site of political and ethical work that they are . They should be reclassified .
The moral questions arise when the categories of the powerful become the taken for granted; when policy decisions are layered into inaccessible technological structures; when one group 's visibility comes at the expense of another 's suffering
The importance lies in a fundamental rethinking of the nature of information systems. We need to recognize that all information systems are necessarily suffused with ethical and political values, modulated by local administrative procedures. These systems are active creators of categories in the world as well as simulators of existing categories. Remembering this, we keep open and can explore spaces for change and flexibility that are otherwise lost forever p.321
Classification does indeed have its consequences- perceived as real, it has real effect. Classifications are powerful technologies .
Democractic assembly
D-CENT tool created by NESTA to allow public involvement in proposing issues, suggesting policies, commenting voting etc
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Ostrom & Hess (2006)
Prisoner's dillemma, the tragedy of the commons (Hardin) are used to explain why people het 'trapped' in perverse incentives and cannot find themselves ways of developing norms of reciprocity, or crafting new rules.
This trend of enclosure is based on the ability of new technologies to “capture” resources that were previously unowned, unmanaged, and, thus protected
Benkler’s (2004) “commons-based production.” the narrative of digital interoperability, open science, collaboratories and scholarly networks, voluntary associations, and collective action.
calls forth the urgency for all information users and providers to become stewards of the global digital commons
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3 dimensions of CI
the social (handling multiple relationships),
cognitive (handing multiple types of information and knowledge),
and temporal (tracking the links between actions and results)
John Dewey
habit as the mediation between impulse and intelligence (methods of learning loops try and make shared intelligence into shared habits)
Karl Duncker
functional fixedness (it's hard to capture how hard it is to solve problems, because to often we start iff by seeing a situation through the lens of just one element of the situation. Often this has to be changed for the problem to be correctly interpreted, let alone solved)
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Eric Raymond the cathedral and the bazaar, celebrating the ways in which open -source software harnessed many minds without hierarchy or property rights.
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