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Lozenges - Coggle Diagram
Lozenges
Excipients
Colourants
Used for:
- enhancing appearance (contributes to organolepsis "harmony of the senses")
- product identification (easier to identify if there is a nice/unique colour)
- masking physical degradation
May be degraded by heat or light via chemical processes like oxidation, hydrolysis, photo-oxidation. Therefore important to explore the compatibility of colourants with drug, excipients, and process conditions.
Acidulants
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Concerns of use
Excessive use (esp citric/tartaric acids) may affect bioavailability of zinc (zinc loz usually used for sore throat as healing agent)
The activity of the antiseptic cetylpyridinium chloride is influenced by pH (doesn't work as well in highly acidic pH, pH >5.5 is most desirable)
Excessive use may enhance exisiting dental erosions. Low pH of acidulants (2.6–3.7) can lead to dissolution of calcium and phosphorous in the teeth.
Corn syrup
Controls crystallization of sucrose and dextrose, but may lead to crumbling
Appropriate amount of corn syr + sucrose/dextrose = formation of amorphous glass = production of candy with desirable appearance
Monitor the following physical properties of corn syr:
- Density
- Dextrose equivalent (DE)
- Hygroscopicity
- Sugar crystallization
- Viscosity
- Freezing-point depression
- Osmotic pressure
Flavours
Contributes to organolepsis to ensure patient acceptability. "If it tastes bad, no one wants to buy and use it"
Can be used in place of acidulants to counter concerns of the use of acidulants. e.g. citrus flavouring instead of citric acid
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Sucrose
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Sucrose is a neutral sweetener that is readily solubilized, and able to reduce the weight of the loz through crystallization
Derivative of sucrose: Invert sugar, can control crystallization of concentrated sugar solutions. Also has humectant properties to maintain freshness of the loz.
Salvage
Leftover/reject lozenges due to unacceptable shape, size, or presence of air bubbles. Not technically an excipient.
Can be reused in finished products without
altering colour, texture, lozenge base composition, or drug concentration
Before using salvage:
- adjust pH to 4.5-7.5 to prevent excessive and uncontrolled formation of reducing sugars
- determine stability of the drug during cooking cycles
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