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Diagnosis of Infertility in Cows, NAME: NURDIANA BINTI AB HALIM MATRIC NO…
Diagnosis of Infertility in Cows
History
a) Abortions, retained fetal membranes, metritis and cystic follicles
Abortions : fetus and placenta should be refrigerated and submit for lab exam
Paired serum samples collected from the dam two or three-week intervals should be frozen for serological study
b) Breeding efficiency
and calving interval
Breeding efficiency
Measured by the number of services per conception and non-return percentage
30-day nonreturn percentage –early detection of breeding problems
Time of breeding, quality of semen, and insemination techniques for cows
Calving interval
Optimum is 12-13 months
11 months are bred too soon, longer than 13 months can result in many disease
c) Frequency of postpartum estrus
and nature of vulvar discharge
Anestrus occurs in animals with pyometra, inadequate nutrition, cystic follicles and pregnancy
d) Time of breeding in relation
to parturition and onset of estrus
Cows should have first breeding at about 60 days postpartum to maintain a 12-month calving interval
e) Source and fertility of semen
Natural service: a fertility examination should be performed on each bull to determine the cause of impaired fertility
Artificial Insemination: semen should be obtained from a reputable organization to determine the quality of the semen
Evaluation of feeding
and management programs
a) Feeding practices
Compare feed intake with calculated requirements
b) Estrus detection
procedures
Breeding at the wrong time in relation to the onset of standing estrus
Correct estrus detection procedure by the staff will result in successful breeding
Metestrus bleeding : after 48 hours
If metestrus occurs 24 hours after service, the cows bred too late
If it more than 36 hours after service, the cows are bred too early
c) Record system
Individual life-time health record and treatment of all disease condition
Examination of the herd
Cows which have been anestrus for 5 months after service must be examined to confirm pregnancy
Individual reproduction
and health records
If the cow is pregnant : Estimate the stage of pregnancy for comparison with the interval from last service
If the cow is not pregnant cow : determine stage of involution of the reproductive tract. Examine also for the signs of salpingitis, metritis, pyometra, cervicitis, or vaginitis.
If the cow is not pregnant but with evidence of ovarian activities: estimate the stage of estrous cycle from the size and consistency of follicles and corpora lutea and consistency of the uterus. Cows having corpora lutea during anestrus considered silent or unobserved estrus.
Collection Of Samples For
Laboratory Examination
Uterine cultures
Uterine swabs: determine the presence of pathogenic organisms in the uterus and their sensitivity to antibiotics
Diagnostic tests : for vibriosis and trichomoniasis in herds using natural service.
Uterine biopsies
For histopathological examination : to confirm
the presence of endometritis
Blood samples
Bloos tests should include hemoglobin, protein, calcium, phosphorus,
vitamin A, and serological examination.
To detect nutritional deficiencies or previous disease conditions in the herd
Serological examinations: to identify infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhea and shipping fever
Feed samples
Silage, hay and grain samples are analysed
for protein, total digestible nutrients,
calcium, phosphorus, and trace minerals
To identify correlation between
feed intake and disease condition
NAME: NURDIANA BINTI AB HALIM
MATRIC NO.: D17A0029