Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

ASUB - World History Before 1660, Eddie Supratman - Chapter 16: Western…

- - - - Franks were the strongest Germanic tribe to fill the Roman power vacuum
        
        Military leadership
        
        Support of the western Christian church
      - r. 468-814 extended Frankish territory
    - - Aechen, court and capital
      - Divided rule between counts supervised by missi dominici = envoys of the lord ruler
    - - 800 Crowned emperor by Pope Leo III
    - - Charlemagne's three grandsons divide his empire in 843
      - Invasions
        
        South = Muslims
        
        East = Hungarian Magyars
        
        Vikings = north
  - - - 987 Hugh Capet succeeded last Carolingian emperor
      - Gradually expanded out of Paris
  - - - Brought southern Italy into the Catholic Christendom
    - - 700-1 100s Muslim controlled
      - 1 000s on, Christian attacks
      - Late 1 300s, only Grenada is Muslim
- - - - Those who fight: nobles
        
        Lords and Retainers
        
        Complex lord-retainer relationships
        
        Chivalry
        
        Noble code of conduct
        
        Church sponsored to minimize infighting
        
        Technically, and knight was supposed to promote the church
        
        Constant rebellion
        
        Germany, France, and England expand
        
        hereditary retainer class of soldiers
        
        Payed with land grants or money
        
        Small private armies
      - Those who work:peasants
        
        Serfs
        
        Pay lord with labor
        
        Stuck to their land plot
        
        Fees charged for marrying serfs of another lord
        
        Crops and Tools
        
        Increased Development
        
        Forest clearing
        
        Swamp draining
        
        Improved agriculture
        
        Crop rotation
        
        New crops like beans
        
        Horseshoes, horse collars (horses worked faster than oxen)
        
        Watermills and heavy plows
        
        Not enslaved or free
        
        The Comeback of Towns and Trade
        
        Urbanization
        
        Came from more food
        
        More opportunities for women
        
        Dominated needle trade
        
        Most trades and guilds open to women
        
        Some guilds women only
        
        Textile Production
        
        Specialization
        
        Manufacturing expansion
        
        Italy, Flanders
        
        Spinning, weaving, dying wool
        
        Trade
        
        Urban society largest in Italy
        
        Amalfi, Venice
        
        Improved Business Techniques
        
        Credit, banking, business organization
        
        Guilds
        
        Organized merchants, workers, artisans
        
        1200s controlled most of the urban economy
        
        price and quality control
        
        membership
        
        Created a social network
        
        Merchants, artisans, physicians, lawyers, etc.
        
        Awkward fit into the caste system
      - Those who pray: clergy
      - Oversimplification of a complex society
  - - - Large, diverse estates
      - Lord provided governance, police, and justice
      - Serfs provided labor and income
  - - - The Hanseatic League
        
        Baltic and North Sea trade
        
        "Hansa," group of trading cities in northern Europe
      - Independent Cities
        
        Late 1 000s, cities demanded charters of integration for more autonomy
- - - - Became Christians
  - - - Gregory the Great (590-604)
    - - Sacrament of penance
  - - - Monasticism became popular after Christian legalization
      - 529 St. Benedict of Nursia established rules for monasticism
        
        poverty
        
        chastity
        
        obedience
      - 482 543 St. Scholastica adopted Benedictine Rule for nuns
    - - Important in social life
      - Large landholding and farms
      - social welfare projects
      - Copied manuscripts
      - Inns, orphanages, hospitals
    - - Monasteries gradually become leisurely
      - St. Dominic and St. Francis: bring spirituality back
        
        Mendicants order (friars)
        
        Begged for their needs
        
        Instilled Christian values in peasantry
  - - - High middle ages: wealth made education possible
      - Schools in cathedrals
      - Latin curriculum
        
        Literature, philosophy, some law, medicine, theology
    - - 1 100s Academic guilds
        
        charter given to guarantee rights
        
        Transformed cathedral schools into universities
    - - Aristotle translations circulated
      - 1225 - 1274 St. Aquinas improved education
        
        Synthesized Christianity and Aristotle
        
        University of Paris
  - - - 7 sacraments ritual popular
        
        Eucharist most popular
    - - Heavenly intercession
      - The Virgin Mary
        
        most popular
        
        Hundreds of churches and cathedrals devoted to her
        
        Notre Dame ('Our Lady")
      - Relics
        
        Worshipped
        
        Travel industry grew due to relic pilgrimages
- - - - Scandinavians explore North Atlantic Ocean
        
        Iceland, Greenland, Vinland (Canada)
        
        Vinland falls
    - - Danish and Norse kings convert
        
        Popular conversion gradual and resistant
      - Sweden and Finland follow
    - - Military-religious orders
        
        Templars, Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights
        
        Vowed to fight Islam and paganism
        
        Founded churches and monasteries
  - - - 800s taken by Muslims
      - 1 100s taken by Normans
        
        Islam displaced
    - - Two small Christian states surivive
        
        1060 - 1492 Become reconquest nuclei
      - Christianity forced into authority
  - - - 1095 calls for Jerusalem's liberation
      - Promised salvation to casualties
      - Rapid enthusiastic response
        
        Peter the Hermit raises mob that's destroyed on the way to Jerusalem
    - - 1096-1099 organized expedition
      - Due to poor Muslim organization, captures Jerusalem
      - 1187 Saladin recaptures Jerusalem
    - - Connects Europe with dar al Islam
        
        Aristotle, Arabic numerals, paper
        
        Agricultural products
        
        Western Europe connected to eastern hemisphere