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An elderly female patient has a history of osteoporosis, chronic type II…

- - - - Proximal
      - convoluted
      - tubule (PCT)
        
        Descending limb
        of nephron loop
        
        Ascending limb
        of nephron loop
        
        Distal convoluted
        tubule (DCT)
        
        Collecting
        tubules
        
        Collecting duct
        
        1 more item...
  - - - due to pressure differences across the filtration membrane
    - - can pass easily through filtration membrane
        
        e.g., water, glucose, amino acids, ions
    - - formed elements and most proteins
        
        cannot pass through filtration membrane
  - - - all vital solutes and most water reabsorbed
        
        excess solutes, waste products, some water remaining in tubular fluid
  - - - cellular waste
        
        various hormones and metabolites
        
        foreign substances
        
        Some filtered at glomerulus while others secreted along tubules
  - - - inability to voluntarily control urination
        
        may occur due to childbirth, strong detrusor muscle contractions
        
        may occur due to medications or fear response
    - - failure to eliminate urine normally
        
        side effects from general anesthesia
        
        side effects of enlarged prostate
        
        may require insertion of catheter to allow urine to flow out
- - - - decreases urine production, increasing blood volume and pressure
- - - - Output of large amounts of urine → induces thirst
        
        Must keep well hydrated
- - - - pulls water into tubular fluid
        
        causes loss of fluid in the urine