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PPT 5 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR MANAGEMENT - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Socialization mode refers to the conversion of tacit knowledge to new tacit knowledge through social interactions and shared experience.
      - Combination mode refers to the creation of new explicit knowledge by merging, categorizing, reclassifying, and synthesizing existing explicit knowledge
      - Externalization refers to converting tacit knowledge to new explicit knowledge
      - Internalization refers to the creation of new tacit knowledge from explicit knowledge.
    - - Legend: each arrow represents a form of knowledge creation
- - - - OLAP
      - Ad-hoc Queries and Reports
      - Data Mining
      - Text Minning
      - Web Mining
      - Search Engines
    - - DSS
      - Management Science and Statistical Analysis
      - Group DSS virtual groups
      - Executive and Enterprise Support
      - Automated Decision Support
      - Web Analytics
      - Data Mining and Predictive Analysis
      - Applied Artificial Intelligence
      - Metrics, Performance Management, BPM
    - - Visual Analysis
      - Scorecards
      - Dashboard
      - 3D Virtual Reality
  - - - business analytics applications
      - advanced analytics techniques
      - advanced analytics tools
      - enterprise data warehouse
    - - enterprise data warehouse
      - data understanding---optimal analytical environment
      - data preparation
      - analytics----analytical data set
      - modeling&evaluation----analytical model
      - deployment----analytical intelligence&applications
      - monitoring
      - business understanding----business requirements&definitions
  - - - Design and Engineering
      - Strategic Planning and Decision Making
      - Transportation and Logistics
      - Demographics and Market Analysis
      - Facilities Management
      - Surveying and Mapping
    - - Design and Planning
      - Decision modeling
      - Database Management Function
      - Spatial Imaging
  - - - leading and lagging indicators-------Objectives+Measures+Targets+Initiatives
      - Financial: to succeed financially, how should we appear to out shareholders?-------earnings per share+ return on assets(ROA)+operating expenses
      - Customers: to achieve our vision, how should we appear to our customers?-----Customer satisfaction+on-time deivery
      - Internal business processes: to satisfy our shareholders and customers, what business processes must we excel at ?----shorter cycle time+process quality+lower rework
      - Learning and Growth: to achieve our vision, how will we sustain our ability to change and improve?-----employees' skills+employee morale+employee suggestions
- - - - Sensitivity analysis is the study of the impact that changes in one (or more) parts of a model have on other parts.
      - What-if analysis is the study of the impact of a change in the assumptions (input data) on the proposed solution.
      - Goal-seeking analysis is the study that attempts to find the value of the inputs necessary to achieve a desired level of output.
    - - Data management subsystem contain all the data that flow from several sources.
      - Model management subsystem contains completed models and the building blocks necessary to develop DSS applications.
      - User interface covers all aspects of the communications between a user and the DSS.
      - Users are the persons faced with the problem or decision that the DSS is designed to support.
      - Knowledge-based subsystems provide the required expertise for solving some aspects of the problem.
    - - data management : data external&internal+data warehouse+corporate knowledge
      - model management: excel functions+linear standard models(eg,programming) +customer models+internet
      - knowledge management
      - user interface
      - Manager(user) and tasks
    - - Organizational Decision Support System (ODSS) is a DSS that focuses on an organizational task or activity involving a sequence of operations and decision makers and provides the following:
      - It affects several organizational units or corporate problems;
      - It cuts across organizational functions or hierarchical layers;
      - It involves computer-based and (usually) communications technologies.
    - - Executive information system (EIS) also known as an executive support system (ESS), is a computer-based technology designed specifically for the information needs of top executives and provides for:
      - Rapid access to timely information;
      - Direct access to management reports;
      - Very user friendly and supported by graphics.
      - Exception reporting – reporting of only the results that deviate from a set of standards.
      - Drill down reporting – investigating information in increasing detail.
      - Easily connected within online information services and e- mail.
      - Include analysis support, communications, office automation and intelligence support.
  - - - Knowledge acquisition (from experts or other sources)
      - Knowledge representation (organized as rules or frames in the computer)
      - Knowledge inferencing is performed in a component called the inference engine of the ES and results in the recommendation.
      - Knowledge transfer to the user (the expert’s knowledge has been transferred to users).
    - - Increased output and productivity----ESs can configure for each custom order. Increasing production capabilities
      - Increased quality: ESs can provide consistent advise and reduce error rates.
      - Capture and dissemination of scarce expertise-------Expertise from anywhere in the world can be obtained and used.
      - Operation in hazardous environments------- Sensors can collect information that an ES interprets, enabling human workers to avoid hot, humid, or toxic environments.
      - Accessibility to knowledge and help desks------ESs can increase the productivity of help – desk employee, or even automate -this function.
      - Reliability----ESs do not become tired or bored, call in sick or go on strike. They consistently pay attention to details.
      - Ability to work with incomplete or uncertain information-----Even with answer of ‘ don’t know ‘ an ES can produce an answer, though it may not be a definite one.
      - Provision of training-----The explanation facility of an ES can serve as a teaching device and knowledge base for novices.
      - Enhancement of decision- making and problem-solving capabilities------ESs allow the integration of expert judgment into analysis (e.g., diagnosis of machine malfunction and even medical diagnosis).
      - Decreased decision-making time-----ESs usually can make faster decision than humans working alone
      - Reduce downtime------ESs can quickly diagnose faster decisions than humans and prescribe repairs.
  - - - Neural networks are a system of programs and data structures that approximates the operation of the human brain.
      - Neural networks are particularly good at recognizing subtle, hidden, and newly emerging patterns within complex data as well as interpreting incomplete inputs.
    - - Fuzzy logic deals with the uncertainties by simulating the process of human reasoning, allowing the computer to behave less precisely and logically than conventional computers do.
      - Involves decision in gray areas.
      - Uses creative decision-making processes.
    - - Simulation generally refers to a technique for conducting experiments (such as "what-if") with a computer on a model of a management system. Because DSS deals with semi structured or unstructured situations, it involves complex reality, which may not be easily represented by optimization or other standard models but can often be handled by simulation. Therefore, simulation is one of the most frequently used tools of DSSs.
      - Advantages of Simulation.
        
        Allows for inclusion of the real-life complexities of problems.
        
        Is descriptive.
        
        Can handle an extremely wide variation in problem types.
        
        Can show the effect of compressing time.
        
        Can be conducted from anywhere.
  - - - Cost justification, intangible benefits. While some of the benefits of management support systems are tangible, it is difficult to put a dollar value on the intangible benefits of many such systems.
      - Documenting personal DSS. Many employees develop their own DSSs to increase their productivity and the quality of their work. It is advisable to have an inventory of these DSSs and make certain that appropriate documentation and security measures exist.
      - Security. Decision support systems may contain extremely important information for the livelihood of organizations. Taking appropriate security measures, especially in Web-based distributed applications, is a must.
      - Ready-made commercial DSSs. With the increased use of Web-based systems and ASPs, it is possible to find more DSS applications sold off the shelf, frequently online. The benefits of a purchased or leased DSS application sometimes make it advisable to change business processes to fit a commercially available DSS.
      - Intelligent DSS. Introducing intelligent agents into a DSS application can greatly increase its functionality.
      - Organizational culture. The more people recognize the benefits of a DSS and the more support is given to it by top management, the more the DSS will be used.
      - Embedded technologies. Intelligent systems are expected to be embedded in at least 20 percent of all IT applications in about 10 years. It is critical for any prudent management to closely examine the technologies and their business applicability.
      - Ethical issues. Corporations with management support systems may need to address some serious ethical issues such as privacy and accountability.