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Infertility Diagnosis in Cow, AZRA HAFIZAH BINTI KAMAR (D17A0005) - Coggle…
Infertility Diagnosis in Cow
Evaluation of breeding history
The owner should have an accurate breeding history available for each cow, including date of parturition, complications and treatments and condition of the calf.
These information may reveal the cause of the major problem of retained fetal membrane, metritis, anetrus, cystic follicles, repeat breeding or abortions
The information needed to help identify the infertility problems
Abortions, retained fetal membranes, metritis and cystic follicles records
Abortion
: if abortion occurs, fetus and placenta need to be refrigerated and send for laboratory examination.
Retained fetal membrane
: usually because of metritis with presence of purulent discharge can be due to poor hygieve at parturition.
Breeding efficiency and calving interval
Breeding efficiency
is measured by number of services per conception and non return percentages.
When breeding efficiency in the herd is below normal, the breeding result of each cow need to be examined.
The number of repeat breeders(cows bred three or more times) should not exceed 10% of the herd.
Calving interval
should be 12 to 13 months.
if it is less than 11 months for individual cows, they are bred too soon after calving.
An interval longer than 13 months can result from many disease and faulty management factors.
Frequency of postpartum estrus and nature of valvular discharge
Anestrus occurs in animal with pyometra, iadequate nutrition, cystic follicles and pregnancy.
Routine examination by veterinarian to assist diagnosis
Time of breeding in relation to parturition and onset of estrus
To maintain a 12 months calving interval, cows should have first breeding at about 60 days postpartum.
The duration of standing heat is normally 12 to 18 hours and shorter in heifers than in older cows. Ovulation occur 12 to 14 hours after the end of estrus. Greater variation in these intervals or cows in standing estrus the day following insemination suggests inferior estrus detection
Source of fertility of semen
If cows are breed naturally, fertility of each bull needs to be examined
If artificial insemination is done, the semen should be obtained from reputable organization where it is collected from reliable source.
Feeding and management practices
Feeding
If non-lactating cows are obese or if lactating cows are emaciated 6 to 8 weeks after parturition, feeding practices need revision.
Specific nutrient deficiencies may be determined by comparing feed intake with calculated requirement.
Management
Estrus detection procedures
Infertility can be caused by breeding at the wrong time in relation to the onset of standing heat
For maximal fertility, cows should be turned out at least once and preferably twice daily for observation of standing heat.
Record system
Keeping estrous and breeding record of each cow to identify individual fertility status
Keeping individual life-time health record of symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of all disease conditions for each cow also important to identify causes of infertility
Examination of herd health records
Examination of all animal should be included except those which has confirmed pregnant by rectal palpation.
Cows which have anestrus for 5 months after service must be examined to confirm pregnancy.
Individual reproduction and health records should be provided to veterinarian as each cow is palpated and the results of each examination should be recorded.
The examination result should be reviewed and evaluated to determine the nature of problem to the specific cow involved.
The animal with fertility problem should be used for further study
1. If the cow is pregnant:
Estimate the stage of pregnancy for comparison with the interval from last service.
Frequently, cows classified as repeat breeders or reported to be anestrus are pregnant.
The relationship between stage of pregnancy and interval since breeding frequently is a good index of the accuracy of the records.
2. If the cow is not pregnant:
Determine the stage of involution of the reproductive tract.
Relate it to that normally expected for the given postpartum interval.
The examiner should also search for signs of salpingitis, metritis pyometra or cervicitis.
3. If the cow is not pregnant and having evidence of ovarian activity:
Estimate the stage of estrous cycle from the size and consistency of follicle and corpus luteum and consistency of uterus.
Cow considered anestrous frequently have corpus luteum, suggesting silent or unobserved estrus.
Collection of samples for laboratory examinations
1. Uterine cultures
Collecting uterine swabs for culture and sensitvity test
To determine the presence of pathogenic organisms in the uterus and their sensitivity to antibiotics.
these test are beneficial in making an accurate diagnosis and in selecting proper treatment respectively.
2. Uterine biopsies
Collecting uterine biopsies for histopathological examination
To confirm the presence of endometritis (an important cause of infertility)
Endometritis may be caused by poor sanitation, complications or contamination at the same time of parturition or from pneumovagina during the postpartum period.
3. Blood samples
Collecting blood for blood test include the hemoglobin, protein, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin A and serological examination
To detect nutritional deficiency or previous disease
The phosphorus deficiency can cause infertility
The routine serological examination include;
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
Bovine Virus diarrhea
Shipping fever
Blood tests for leptospirosis and brucellosis also may be indicated
4. Feed samples
Collecting silage, hay, grain samples
To analyze protein, total digestible nutrients, calcium, phosphorus and trace minerals.
This information is used to compare the feed intake of cows of varying production with National Research Council requirements.
This information must be correlated with results of blood tests.
AZRA HAFIZAH BINTI KAMAR (D17A0005)