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history term 2, historical concepts, industrial revolution, developments…
history term 2
continuity and change: is the way historians study some thing stay the same, while others change. Continuities are the aspects of the past that have remained the same over time. Changes refer to the things that do not stay the same. For example the things that have changed with coca cola and the things that have stayed the same
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cause and effect: cause and effect aims to identify, examine and analyse the reasons why events have occurred and the resulting consequences or outcomes.
perspective: is the point of view of how someone sees something. This is important because Historians when they write or journalise about something.
evidence: is the information gathered from the event. This can come from sources like: books, photography, newspaper etc.
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contestability: the concept relates to explanations or interpretations of past events that are open to debate.
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Britain before 1750
Britain was an agricultural society. and around 80% of people lived and worked on small farms in rural areas.
manufacturing, mining and trade employed relatively dew people in Britain. Most goods were basic and powered by people, animals or waterwheels that harnessed the power of fast-flowing rivers and streams.
working days began sunrise and ended at sunset. Peoples diets were poor and average life expectancy was short. Illnesses were common because of poor hygiene.
factory system
before the factory system, most manufactures took place in local work cottages. Made by local traders and craft men.
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an error that started in Europe and united states that occurred of growth in manufactures in 1760 to 1840
during this time smaller areas of land were joined to create larger farming areas. This is known as enclosures. This then benefitted the wealthy people who granted rights to these lands for profit.
Farm workers and their families were forced from their homes, to move to rural villages to towns and cities to work.
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inventions
the flying shuttle: invented by John Kay in 1733. Is a more efficient way of weaving on hand looms. Gives an increase demand for spun yarn
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Water frame: Invented by Richard Arkwright in 1768. is powered by a waterwheel and produce yarns of any type
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before the introduction of the factory system, manufacturing often took places in small workshops or in local workers' cottages.
local trades and crafts people such as blacksmiths, wheelwrights, cartwrights, potters, millers and weavers used their skills, muscle power or water power to largely hand-make items.
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steam engine history
Coal was high in demand because of the common use of it for generating different manufactures. But the digging of deeper mines in turn required better pumping systems to keep water from flooding lower levels. This was then solved by Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen. They developed early steam engines to pump water from mines
When Thomas Newcomen was repairing the steam engine, James Watt realised that he could greatly increase it efficiency.
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steam locomotives: was built by Richard Trevithick in 1801. this locomotive was made to be driven on roads instead of rails.
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steam ships: was developed by an American named Robert Fulton in 1807. Steamships quickly began to replace sailing ships as the preferring mean of ocean transport
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formation of the ANZACS
In 1915, as the two forces were training in Egypt, General Birdwood, commander of the Australian and New Zealand forces, decided to combine both forces to from a single corps, this formed the ANZACS
it was under this banner that the soldier of both countries fought at Gallipoli and throughout World war one
Gallipoli landing
the Gallipoli campaign was launched because Britain and France needed to move troops, equipment and weapons to allied troops in Russia.
they were required to travel across the Mediterranean sea, pass through Turkish waters and cross over the black sea into Russia.
the first part of the campaign plan was launched in March 1915, this involved a naval attack through the Dardanelles.
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withdrawal
on December 1915, the ANZACS were finally ordered to withdraw from Gallipoli.
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8709 Australians died and 19,000 were wounded, 80,000 Turks were killed
conditions at Gallipoli
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the Turks has high grounds, meaning the ANZACS were always open to enemy fire
the troops were not used to the cold weather, the icy north wind and snowfalls cut right through protections offered by their uniforms and light blankets.
there was frequent rainfalls, it would flood the trenches and turn the battle field into mud
there was a shortage supply in fresh water but food was more plentiful. this included canned meat, corned beet and hard biscuits.
poor hygiene was very common and the amount of troops die more from a disease rather than enemy action.
illnesses were normally spread by rats, lice, flies and mosquitoes
the great adventure
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when Britain declared war of Germany, Australia was automatically involved
Australia promised Britain 50,000 recruitments for the war
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Australians thought of war glorious, exciting and heroic
alliance system
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from the 1870s onwards, Europe's leading nations grouped themselves into two alliances. in 1882 the triple alliance was formed between the countries of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. in 1907 the triple entente was formed between the countries of Britain, France and Russia
one of the main goals of the alliance system was actually to prevent the outbreak of war but over time the alliance increased the tension between triple alliance and triple entente countries.
nationalism
is a sense of pride and love of ones nation. nationalism grows out of an understanding of common goals and beliefs between the people of a nation.
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from around 1900 onwards, a number of ethnic groups began fighting for independence from Austria-Hungary. One region attempting to asserts its independence was Bosnia-Herzegovina.
imperialism
is a policy which a country increases its power by gaining control over new territories to create an empire.
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militarism
is the belief that all nations should build and maintain strong armed forces so that they are prepared to defence themselves against attack or promote their national interest
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all men over the age of 18 were forced to serve a minimum period in armed forces like the army or navy
there were four main factors that contributed to the growing tensions between European countries in the lead up to world war 1
there were four types of trenches front line, support trench, reserve trench and communication trench
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communication trenches are connected to all the other trenches and allow movement of messages, men and supplies.
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trenches in the Western Front were approximately 700 kilometres long, stretching from the coast of Belgium to the border of Switzerland.
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developments with wool, and cotton
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