history term 2
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historical concepts
continuity and change: is the way historians study some thing stay the same, while others change. Continuities are the aspects of the past that have remained the same over time. Changes refer to the things that do not stay the same. For example the things that have changed with coca cola and the things that have stayed the same
history: is the study of the past events
cause and effect: cause and effect aims to identify, examine and analyse the reasons why events have occurred and the resulting consequences or outcomes.
perspective: is the point of view of how someone sees something. This is important because Historians when they write or journalise about something.
evidence: is the information gathered from the event. This can come from sources like: books, photography, newspaper etc.
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hypothesis: an educated guess
primary source: objects that are created or written at the time being investigating
secondary source: accounts made about the past but made in the present
empathy: helps us to understand the impact of past events on particular individuals or groups.
significance: the importance assigned to aspects of the past.
an error that started in Europe and united states that occurred of growth in manufactures in 1760 to 1840
industrial revolution
contestability: the concept relates to explanations or interpretations of past events that are open to debate.
during this time smaller areas of land were joined to create larger farming areas. This is known as enclosures. This then benefitted the wealthy people who granted rights to these lands for profit.
Farm workers and their families were forced from their homes, to move to rural villages to towns and cities to work.
long term impacts of industrial revolution
the population of Britain quadrupled from 6.5 million to more than 27.5 million in 1750.
Britain changed from an agricultural society to an urban society, with most people living in owns an cities were work could be found.
during the industrial revolution Britain has the worlds most leading economic and industrial power.
Britain before 1750
Britain was an agricultural society. and around 80% of people lived and worked on small farms in rural areas.
manufacturing, mining and trade employed relatively dew people in Britain. Most goods were basic and powered by people, animals or waterwheels that harnessed the power of fast-flowing rivers and streams.
working days began sunrise and ended at sunset. Peoples diets were poor and average life expectancy was short. Illnesses were common because of poor hygiene.
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developments with wool, and cotton
before the introduction of the factory system, manufacturing often took places in small workshops or in local workers' cottages.
local trades and crafts people such as blacksmiths, wheelwrights, cartwrights, potters, millers and weavers used their skills, muscle power or water power to largely hand-make items.
the first factories of the industrial revolution were cotton mills
inventions
the flying shuttle: invented by John Kay in 1733. Is a more efficient way of weaving on hand looms. Gives an increase demand for spun yarn
the spinning jenny: Invented by James Hargreaves in 1765. Increased the supply of yarn.
Water frame: Invented by Richard Arkwright in 1768. is powered by a waterwheel and produce yarns of any type
steam engine history
development of transport
Coal was high in demand because of the common use of it for generating different manufactures. But the digging of deeper mines in turn required better pumping systems to keep water from flooding lower levels. This was then solved by Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen. They developed early steam engines to pump water from mines
When Thomas Newcomen was repairing the steam engine, James Watt realised that he could greatly increase it efficiency.
Then 25 years later both James Watt and Mathew Bouton manufactures nearly 500 steam engines
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steam locomotives: was built by Richard Trevithick in 1801. this locomotive was made to be driven on roads instead of rails.
steam ships: was developed by an American named Robert Fulton in 1807. Steamships quickly began to replace sailing ships as the preferring mean of ocean transport
britain's 'Dark satanic mills'
working conditions
people who owned the mills, factories an the mines had higher waged, meaning they lived in better conditions. And they were in a workforce that was more comfortable and suitable for them
the working conditions and experiences of men, women and childeren during the Industrial Revolution varied. The proportion of people Britain working in manufacturing in 1801 was estimated at 40%. By 1871 it rose to 60%
People who worked in factories struggled to survive in low wages and were forced to work in harsh conditions. Factory and mine owners often cut corners with safety and conditions. This included enforcing long woking hours and using cheaper labour in the form of women and children
'Dark satanic mills' was written by poet William Blake in 1808. It was used in 19th century to refer to the miserable conditions of labourers in Britain
child labour
during the Industrial Revolution, children were ideal employees. This was because they were small to fit between things and they were cheap to employ and their families were grateful for the extra income.
wages for children were sometimes paid in the form of vouchers that could only be used at stores owned by the factory owner. Children then use those vouchers to buy clothes or foods.
Factory owners use vouchers to pay the children to avoid paying wages in cash to help them make extra profits on sales.
children often started work at the age of four or five. Their jobs were simple but physically demanding and dangerous
factory system
before the factory system, most manufactures took place in local work cottages. Made by local traders and craft men.
the factory system was when there was a large amount of unskilled workers working in manufactures.
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there were four main factors that contributed to the growing tensions between European countries in the lead up to world war 1
causes of world war 1
alliance system
is when people team up together to defend each others nations.
from the 1870s onwards, Europe's leading nations grouped themselves into two alliances. in 1882 the triple alliance was formed between the countries of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. in 1907 the triple entente was formed between the countries of Britain, France and Russia
one of the main goals of the alliance system was actually to prevent the outbreak of war but over time the alliance increased the tension between triple alliance and triple entente countries.
nationalism
is a sense of pride and love of ones nation. nationalism grows out of an understanding of common goals and beliefs between the people of a nation.
nationalism can either unite or divide the people of a nation or region.
from around 1900 onwards, a number of ethnic groups began fighting for independence from Austria-Hungary. One region attempting to asserts its independence was Bosnia-Herzegovina.
imperialism
is a policy which a country increases its power by gaining control over new territories to create an empire.
an example of this is scramble for Africa
militarism
is the belief that all nations should build and maintain strong armed forces so that they are prepared to defence themselves against attack or promote their national interest
military spending in many European countries increased on average by around 300%
all men over the age of 18 were forced to serve a minimum period in armed forces like the army or navy
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Australia had no experience of war and had only a little understanding of what it meant
australia into world war 1
Australians thought of war glorious, exciting and heroic
the great adventure
Australia had been federated for only 13 years and had been colonised by Britain
when Britain declared war of Germany, Australia was automatically involved
Australia promised Britain 50,000 recruitments for the war
Australian soldiers would earn 6 shilling (60 cents) per day. This was their average wage
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trench warfare
trenches in the Western Front were approximately 700 kilometres long, stretching from the coast of Belgium to the border of Switzerland.
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there were four types of trenches front line, support trench, reserve trench and communication trench
front line was usually for those who were are fighting in the war.
support trench have men and supplies to assist those on the front line
reserve trench contain more emergency supplies and men
communication trenches are connected to all the other trenches and allow movement of messages, men and supplies.
formation of the ANZACS
Gallipoli Campaign
In 1915, as the two forces were training in Egypt, General Birdwood, commander of the Australian and New Zealand forces, decided to combine both forces to from a single corps, this formed the ANZACS
reasons why they joined the war
adventure
loyalty to Britain
recruitment rallies
bad marriages
boredom
income
it was under this banner that the soldier of both countries fought at Gallipoli and throughout World war one
Gallipoli landing
the Gallipoli campaign was launched because Britain and France needed to move troops, equipment and weapons to allied troops in Russia.
they were required to travel across the Mediterranean sea, pass through Turkish waters and cross over the black sea into Russia.
the first part of the campaign plan was launched in March 1915, this involved a naval attack through the Dardanelles.
this failed because the entrance to the Dardanelles had been laid with underwater mines.
the plan would be to defeat the Turks quickly then march on to take control of Constantinople
conditions at Gallipoli
conditions for the ANZACS in Gallipoli were very difficult.
the Turks has high grounds, meaning the ANZACS were always open to enemy fire
the troops were not used to the cold weather, the icy north wind and snowfalls cut right through protections offered by their uniforms and light blankets.
there was frequent rainfalls, it would flood the trenches and turn the battle field into mud
there was a shortage supply in fresh water but food was more plentiful. this included canned meat, corned beet and hard biscuits.
poor hygiene was very common and the amount of troops die more from a disease rather than enemy action.
illnesses were normally spread by rats, lice, flies and mosquitoes
withdrawal
on December 1915, the ANZACS were finally ordered to withdraw from Gallipoli.
the silent withdrawal is usually remembered as the most successful part of the Gallipoli campaign
8709 Australians died and 19,000 were wounded, 80,000 Turks were killed