An elderly female patient has a history of osteoporosis, chronic type II diabetes mellitus, and high blood
pressure. She has come to the doctor today because she has noticed blood in her urine
Anatomy and Functions of Urinary System
kidney
nephron
collecting ducts
papillary ducts
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
renal corpuscle
renal tubule
glomerulus
glomerulus capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
distal convoluted tubule
principal cells
intercalated cells
filtration unit of U.S
where urine produced
delivers urine to minor calyces
capsule space receives filtrate, forms urine
cells functions
principal cells maintain water and Na+ balance
intercalated cells regulate blood/urine pH
Nephron Structure
Renal Corpuscle
all of Corpuscle resides in cortex
Renal Tubule
most of tubules in cortex
contains glomerulus capsule
contains glomerulus
tangle of capillary loops
permeable visceral layer
external parietal layer that is impermiable
capsule space between layers
has three parts
proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
distal convoluted tubule
first region of renal tubule
lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
contains microvilli
increased surface tension and reabsorption
lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
no microvilli
two types
short loop (cortical nephron)
85% of nephrons
thin segment of loop is simple squamous
thick loop segment is simple cuboidal epithelium
long loop (juxtamedullary nephrons
barely penetrates medulla
goes deep into medulla
important in producing concentrated urine
Osteoporosis
inadequate supply of calcium in body
Bone mass/density decrease
increase risk of bone fractures
high fragility
age, sedentary lifestyles, low Vit D
chronic type II diabetes mellitus
High glucose levels in blood
because the body's cells reject affects of insulin
glucose is not moved into cells from blood
insulin resistant
Hypertension
Blood Pressure reading higher than normal/healthy levels
resistance/pressure blood flow faces through heart is higher
heart is working harder to move blood throughout the body
The Nephron of the kidneys
Hypertension/High Blood Pressure
DM II/ type II diabetes mellitus
supplied with several blood vessels,
which are pertinent in the function of the kidneys
if blood flow to the kidney's renal arteries is afflicted by this
they can be damaged and the kidney tissue will lack blood supply
Kidney tissue may not function, and may die
Kidneys will also not be able to properly filter blood or fluid in body
High Blood glucose levels
may also damage kidney arteries and blood vessels
can cause kidney disease
Osteoporosis and Kidney disease very common in individuals with on or the other
Osteoporosis
fluid filtration of body hindered/problematic
negative cycle against each other
inadequate amounts of phosphorus, calcium, vit D, ects
continually increase osteoporosis issues in the body's bone mass