An elderly female patient has a history of osteoporosis, chronic type II diabetes mellitus, and high blood
pressure. She has come to the doctor today because she has noticed blood in her urine

Anatomy and Functions of Urinary System

kidney

nephron

collecting ducts

papillary ducts

minor calyx

major calyx

renal pelvis

ureter

urinary bladder

urethra

renal corpuscle

renal tubule

glomerulus

glomerulus capsule

proximal convoluted tubule

nephron loop

distal convoluted tubule

principal cells

intercalated cells

filtration unit of U.S

where urine produced

delivers urine to minor calyces

capsule space receives filtrate, forms urine

cells functions

principal cells maintain water and Na+ balance

intercalated cells regulate blood/urine pH

Nephron Structure

Renal Corpuscle

all of Corpuscle resides in cortex

Renal Tubule

most of tubules in cortex

contains glomerulus capsule

contains glomerulus

tangle of capillary loops

permeable visceral layer

external parietal layer that is impermiable

capsule space between layers

has three parts

proximal convoluted tubule

nephron loop

distal convoluted tubule

first region of renal tubule

lined by simple cuboidal epithelium

contains microvilli

increased surface tension and reabsorption

lined by simple cuboidal epithelium

no microvilli

two types

short loop (cortical nephron)

85% of nephrons

thin segment of loop is simple squamous

thick loop segment is simple cuboidal epithelium

long loop (juxtamedullary nephrons

barely penetrates medulla

goes deep into medulla

important in producing concentrated urine

Osteoporosis

inadequate supply of calcium in body

Bone mass/density decrease

increase risk of bone fractures

high fragility

age, sedentary lifestyles, low Vit D

chronic type II diabetes mellitus

High glucose levels in blood

because the body's cells reject affects of insulin

glucose is not moved into cells from blood

insulin resistant

Hypertension

Blood Pressure reading higher than normal/healthy levels

resistance/pressure blood flow faces through heart is higher

heart is working harder to move blood throughout the body

The Nephron of the kidneys

Hypertension/High Blood Pressure

DM II/ type II diabetes mellitus

supplied with several blood vessels,

which are pertinent in the function of the kidneys

if blood flow to the kidney's renal arteries is afflicted by this

they can be damaged and the kidney tissue will lack blood supply

Kidney tissue may not function, and may die

Kidneys will also not be able to properly filter blood or fluid in body

High Blood glucose levels

may also damage kidney arteries and blood vessels

can cause kidney disease

Osteoporosis and Kidney disease very common in individuals with on or the other

Osteoporosis

fluid filtration of body hindered/problematic

negative cycle against each other

inadequate amounts of phosphorus, calcium, vit D, ects

continually increase osteoporosis issues in the body's bone mass