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contraceptive strategies - Coggle Diagram

- - - - testes are located
    - - sperm survival
  - - - testosterone
      - produce androgens
    - - produce sperm
    - - site of sperm production
    - - "net" passageways
  - - - through inguinal canal
  - - - end of vas deferns
    - - most of semen volume
  - - - through prostate gland
  - - - encircling proximal urethra
        
        leaving bladder
    - - contribute semen
  - - - wash out urine
      - neutralize urinary acid (protect sperm)
      - lubricate the glans (tip of penis)
  - - - short segment through muscle floor of pelvic cavity
    - - segment through penis
    - - segment through center of prostate gland
  - - - expanded distall end
    - - fold of skin (foreskin) surrounding tip
      - Circumcision: removes this skin
    - - corpus spongiosum
        
        surrounds penile urethra
        
        expands to form the glans
      - corpus cavernosa
        
        anterior layers
        
        extends from base to neck
      - network of vascular channels, elastic connective tissue, smooth muscle
      - resting state:
        
        arterial branches constricted, muscle partitions tense
        
        restricts blood flow into erectile tissue
      - erection occurs
      - parasympathetic nerve innervation
        
        smooth muscle in artery wall
        
        relaxes
        
        blood vessels dilate
        
        blood flow increases
        
        vascular channels become engorged
  - - - (+) sperm enter urethra
    - - sperm leave the body
    - - activates sperm
  - - - acrosome
        
        midpiece
        
        tail
      - DNA - 23 chromosmomes
  - - - via:
        
        prostatic urethra
        
        membranous uretrha
        
        penile urethra
        
        body exterior
- - - - females
    - - males
    - - afferent maturation
      - development
      - activity of reproductive organs
    - - unite at fertilization
        
        initiate formation of new individual
      - occurs during copulation
        
        (coitus)
      - gametes
        
        male
        
        sperm
        
        Female
        
        secondary oocytes
  - - - females
        
        toward site of fertilization
      - males
        
        toward outside body
- - - - autosomes
        
        22 pairs
        
        determine human characteristics
        
        ex: eye color
        
        homologous chromsomes
        
        matching but not identical
        
        non-sex cells
      - sex chromosomes
        
        1 pair
        
        two X
        
        female
        
        one X one Y
        
        male
      - diploid cells
        
        23 pairs of chromosomes
        
        2n
        
        normal body cells
      - haploid cell
        
        23 chromosomes (not pairs)
        
        n (unpaired chromosome number)
        
        sex cells
- - - - from puberty to menopause
      - hypothalamus release of gonadotripin releasing hormone
        
        GnRH
        
        release of follicle stimulating hormone
        
        FSH
        
        luteinizing hormone
        
        LH
      - monthly sequence
      - 3 phases
        
        Follicle
        
        Day 1-13 of 28 day cycle
        
        20 primordial follicles
        
        Stimulated by LH/ FSH
        
        Primary follicle
        
        Secondary follicles
        
        One matures
        
        1 more item...
        
        Volume of fluid increases in follicle antrum
        
        Oocyte forced to one side of follicle
        
        Ovulation
        
        Release secondary oocyte
        
        Day 14 of 28 day cycle
        
        One each month
        
        Peak in LH secretion
        
        Antrum increases in size and swelling
        
        Expand until ovarian surface thin
        
        Eventually ruptures
        
        Expels secondary oocyte
        
        Luteal
        
        Remaining follicle cells
        
        Corpus luteum
        
        Secretes progesterone and estrogen
        
        Builds up lining
        
        Temporary endocrine gland
        
        10-13 day lifespan if not fertilized
        
        Regression
        
        Shedding of uterine lining
        
        1 more item...
        
        Sheds lining
        
        1 more item...
        
        Drop in secreted progesterone and estrogen
        
        End of luteal phase
        
        Day 15-28 of 28 day cycle
    - - After menopause
        
        1 year
      - Onset 45-55 years of age
      - No ovarian follicles remain/ maturation stops
      - Amounts of Progesterone/ estrogen no longer secreted
      - Uterine lining no longer grows
        
        No menstrual cycle
      - If secondary oocyte fertilized
        
        Pre embryo
        
        Implants
        
        Human chronic gonadotropin (hCG)
        
        Mimics effects of LH
        
        stimulates corpus luteum
        
        Continues estrogen and progesterone
        
        Build + maintain unterine lining
      - Menstrual phase
        
        Day 1-5 of cycle
        
        Sloughing off of functions layer
        
        Last through period of bleeding
      - Proliferation phase
        
        Day 6-14
        
        New functional layer of endometrium
        
        Overlaps time of follicle growth and ovary estrogen secretion
        
        *in ovarian cycle
      - Secretory phase
        
        Day 15-28 of cycle
        
        Increased progesterone secretion from corpus luteum
        
        Increased vascularization
        
        Uterine gland development
        
        *no fertilization
        
        Sloughs off functional layer
        
        Degeneration of corpus luteum
        
        Drop in progesterone
  - - - estrogen
      - progesterone
    - - eggs
    - - suspensory ligament
        
        from lateral ovary past uterine tube to pelvic wall
      - ovarian ligament
        
        from uterus to medial surface of ovary
        
        near uterine tube attachment
  - - - oviduct
    - - fingerlike projections at end of tube closest to ovary
      - ciliated inner surface
    - - from ovary to uterus
  - - - rounded portion of body
      - superior to attachment of uterine tubes
    - - inferior portion of uterus
      - extends to the vagina
    - - largest region of uterus
    - - round ligament
        
        lateral uterus posterior and inferior to uterine tube attachments
      - broad ligament
        
        enclose ovary, tube, uterus
        
        large mesentery
  - - - plural
  - - - plural
  - - - small projection where mammary glands ducts open
    - - colored skin surrounding nipple
  - - - radiate around the nipple
      - lobules
        
        alveoli
        
        produce milk during lactation
  - - - lactiferous duct
        
        each lobe
        
        enlarges near nipple
        
        forms chamber
        
        lactiferous sinus
  - - - secondary follicle
        
        master follicle
        
        Graafian
        
        antrum
        
        corpus leteum
        
        corpus albicans