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Flowers and Reproduction - Coggle Diagram
Flowers and Reproduction
Asexual/Sexual Reproduction
Asexual
Fragmentation
If plant breaks it becomes independent
Sexual
The Plant Life Cycle
Diploid adults have sex organs
Produce haploid sex cells
Gametes
Sperm or eggs
Single diploid cell
Zygote
Sporophyte phase/generation
Sporophytes are always diploid
Meiosis results in
Haploid spores
Difference in gametes and spores
Gametes can fuse with other gametes
Syngamy/fertilization
Spores cannot undergo syngamy
Undergoes mitosis
Grows into a gametophyte
Mammalian gametes
Microgametes
Microgametophytes
Microspores
Megagametes
Megagametophytes
Megaspores
Sporophyte and gametophyte
Alternation of generations
Heteromorphic generations
Flower Structure
Stem with leaf life structures
Flower stalk
Pedicel
Where other flower parts attach
Receptacle
Floral appendages
Sepals
Petals
Stamens
Carpals
Have all four
Complete flower
Not having all four (or more)
Incomplete flowers
Sepals
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Lowermost and outermost of floral appendages
Think, tough, waxy
Protects flower bud when developing
All sepals together
Calyx
Petals
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Above the sepals on the receptacle
Together make up the corolla
Perianth
Broad, flat, thin
Specific in attracting pollinators
Stamens
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Above petals
Collectively androecium
Two parts
Filament
Stalk
Anther
Pollen is produced
Microsporocytes
Tapetum
Carpals
Constitute the gynoecium
Highest level on the receptacle
Three main parts
Stigma
Catches pollen grains
Style
Elevates stigma
Ovary
Megaspores are produced
Placentae
Bear ovules
Nucellus
Megasporocytes
Sexual Reproduction Continued
Gametophytes
Microgametophyte
Microspores develop into
Small and simple
Consisting of three cells
Located in the original pollen cell wall
Vegetative cell
Generative cell
Divides and forms two sperm cells
Pollen grain lands on stigma
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Germinates by producing a pollen tube
Grow long enough to reach ovules
Megagametophyte
Within the ovule surviving megaspore develops into
Multinucleate
Embryo sac
Central cell
Two other polar nuclei
Three small antipodal cells
Egg apparatus with two synergids
And an egg
Fertilization
Syngamy of sperm and egg
Involves both plasmogamy
Fusion of the protoplasts of the gametes
Karyogamy
Fusion of the nuclei
Endosperm nucleus
Double fertilization
Embryo and Seed Development
Suspensor
Pushes embryo into the endosperms
Cotyledons
Two primordia
Torpedo stage
Short axis is established
Redicle
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Mature seed endosperm is abundant
Albumunous seed
Endosperm is absent at maturity
Exalbumunous
Fruit Development
Ovule develops into seed
Ovary matures into a fruit
Three layers become distinct
Exocarp
Outer layer, skin or peel
Mesocarp
Middle layer, flesh
Endocarp
Innermost layer, pit
Fruit wall
Pericarp
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Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination
Cross-Pollination
Pollination of a carpal by pollen of a different individual
Mutations
Self-pollination
Pollination of a carpal by same flower
Monoecious and Dioecious Species
Essential organs
Produce important spores
If organs are absent
Flowers lacking essential organs
Imperfect flowers
Flowers who have both essential organs
Perfect flowers
Sepals and petals
Nonessential organs
Dioecy
Produce only
Staminate flowers
Carpellate flowers
Species is dioecious
Monoecy
Staminate flowers on the same plant
As carpellate flowers
Monoecious species
Cattails and corn
Animal-Pollinated Flowers
Coevolution
Flowers and insects, birds, bats
Actinomorphic or regular
Zygomorphic
Bilaterally symmertrical
Ovary Position
Inferior ovary
Eqigynous
Ovary is above other flower parts
Superior ovary
Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
Gravity, wind, water, and animals
Help disperse seeds
True Fruits and Accessory Fruits
Pericarp
Tissue of fruit regardless of origin
True fruit
Contains only ovarian tissue
Accessory fruit
Nonovarian tissue is present
Simple fruit
Develops from single ovary
Fused ovary of one flower
Most common
Aggregate fruit
Separate carpals fuse
Raspberries
Multiple fruit
All adolescent fuse into one fruit
Figs, mulberries and pineapples
Classification of Fruit Types
Dry
Not eaten by seed-distributing animals
Dehiscent fruit
Fleshy
Eaten during seed dispersal
Indehiscent fruits
