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Course Mind Map, Ch. 22 Seed Plants1: Seed Plants Without Flowers ("…

- - - - located on flat sporophylls
      - pine cones
  - - - tube-like sporophylls
- - - - little webbing between branches
  - - - layer of tissue projected upward
    - - hole in the integument
      - permitted sperm cells to swim to egg after development
    - - holding area for microspores
- - - - tiny papery leaves
    - - long needle leaves
  - - - pollen cones
    - - shoot with axillary buds
    - - axillary bud has megasporophylls
        
        fused called ovuliferous scale
  - - - first cells elongate
    - - develop into the embryo
- - - - 30 species
    - - 40 species
    - - only species in genus
- - - - microsporangiate
    - - megasprangiate
- - - - sequencing of DNA
  - - - size, shape, metabolism
- - - - something that causes mutations
    - - few thousand base pairs long
      - code for enzymes that:
        
        cut insertion sequence out
        
        splicing it into DNA elsewhere
    - - longer than insertion sequences
      - carries out genes that code for proteins
        
        not associated with transportation
  - - - natural selection eliminates these
  - - - offspring does not receive mutation
  - - - sexual reproduction would not be necessary
  - - - any change in DNA
    - - base changed to different base
    - - piece of DNA lost
    - - addition of DNA
    - - repaired DNA put in backwards
- - - - "parents"
      - first filial generation (F1)
        
        "kids"
        
        F2
        
        "grandkids"
    - - two identical alleles for this gene
      - exapmle: "rr"
    - - two different alleles
      - example: "Rr"
    - - neither parental trait dominates
  - - - plant pollinates itself
  - - - the trait that shows in heterozygous alleles
    - - trait the does not go through in heterozygous alleles
  - - - no recessive trait
      - hard to see genotype
    - - plant being studied with homozygous recessive
    - - special line of homozygous recessives
- - - - genes on separate chromosomes
      - alleles of one gene moves independently of other alleles
  - - - linked
        
        several types of heterozygote are possible
    - - centimorgan
- - - - have to be preformed to see what fraction of phenotype is related to gene
- - - - both parents transmitted equally
    - - maternal inheritance
      - zygote gets all plastid and mitochondrial genomes
    - - ovule parent
    - - plastid inheritance
      - spots; white, red, orange
  - - - more than two sets of chromosomes
    - - daughter cell gets two copies of chromosome
      - change in chromosome number per nucleus
    - - similar to wild-type allele
      - originated as duplicates
    - - multiple copies of traits
- - - - epidermus
      - cortex
      - vascular bundles
      - pith
      - leaves
  - - - move carbohydrates downwards, minerals upward
- - - - in vascular bundles
    - - between vascular bundles
  - - - wall parallel to the cambium
    - - perpendicular to cambium
  - - - albuminous cells
  - - - regular, horizontal rows
    - - no horizontal pattern
- - - - wood
    - - derived from fusiform initials
    - - derived from ray initials
    - - large amounts of fibers
    - - few or no fibers
    - - upright cells
      - procumbent cells
      - may contain ray tracheids
  - - - lower proportion of vessels
    - - first wood formed
    - - one years growth
      - early wood + late wood
    - - diffuse
        
        growth ring has vessels throughout it
      - ring
        
        vessels restricted to early wood
  - - - dark wood
    - - light, moist wood
    - - plug of parenchyma cells
  - - - upper side of branch
      - tension wood
        
        rich in cellulose
        
        little/no lignin
- - - - outer cell
      - aka phellem cell
    - - layer of parenchyma
      - periderm
    - - all tissues outside innermost cork cambium
    - - all secondary phloem between vascular and cork cambium
  - - - regions of aerenchymatous cork
      - when new cork cambium arises interior to ^
- - - - stored parenchyma increases dramatically
      - can contain hundreds of cambia
    - - located between two bands of xylem
      - type of secondary phloem
    - - two vectors are active and two vectors are not
    - - Joshua and dragon tress
        
        vascular cambium outside the outermost vascular bundles
      - secondary vascular bundles
        
        produced by rapid parenchyma division
        
        xylem and phloem
  - - - form of no primary growth
    - - all primary growth
- - - - feces, wind, water
- - - - individual parts become self-sufficient
        
        establishing adventitious roots
- - - - sperms, eggs
        
        gametes
        
        syngamy, fertilization
        
        fusion of gametes to form zygote
        
        grows to become a new individual
    - - sporophytes
        
        always diploid
        
        have organs
      - spores #
        
        haploid
    - - microgametophytes
        
        from microspores
        
        small sperm cells
      - megagametophytes
        
        from megaspores
        
        large egg
      - -phyte = plant, gmaeto- =produces gametes
    - - alteration of generations
        
        life cycle with two generations
        
        sporophyte and gametophyte
      - heteromorphic generations
        
        gametophytes do not resemble sporophytes at all
  - - - pedicel
        
        flower stalk
      - receptacle
        
        very end of the axis
      - complete flowers
        
        have all four:
        
        sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
      - incomplete flowers
        
        lack 1-2 basic floral appendages #
    - - define:
        
        lowermost and outermost part of the four floral appendages
      - calyx
        
        all sepals together
    - - define:
        
        above sepals, on receptacle
      - corolla
        
        all petals together
      - perianth
        
        sepals and petals together
    - - define:
        
        "male" part of the flower
        
        produces pollen
        
        not really male
      - two parts:
        
        filament
        
        stalk
        
        anther
        
        where pollen is produced
      - sporophyte
        
        microsporocyte
        
        enlarge and undergo meiosis
        
        produce four microspores
        
        tapetum
        
        layer with nurse cells
        
        pollen
        
        from microspores separating and forming in shape
    - - define:
        
        constitute the gynoecium
        
        highest level on the receptacle
      - three main parts:
        
        stigma
        
        catches pollen grains
        
        style
        
        elevates the stigma to a useful position
        
        ovary
        
        placentae
        
        bear ovules
        
        nucellus
        
        central mass of parenchyma
        
        megasporocytes
        
        only one in each ovule
        
        preperation for meiosis
  - - - produces:
        
        vegetative cell
        
        large
        
        generative cell
        
        small, lens-shaped
      - pollen tube
        
        penetrates into loose, open tissues of the stigma
    - - embryo sac
        
        term for multinucleate
      - central cell
        
        seven cells:
        
        2 polar nuclei
        
        three antipodal cells
        
        egg apparatus
        
        2 synergids
        
        egg
        
        megagamete
  - - - plasmogamy
        
        fusion of protoplasts of gametes
      - karyogamy
        
        fusion of nuclei
    - - triploid
      - has three full sets of genes
    - - both sperm nuclei undergo fusions
        
        one with egg nucleus
        
        one with polar nucleus
    - - all of coenocytic and cellular tissue
  - - - short stalk-like structure
      - puches embryo into endosperm
    - - grow from two primordia
    - - radicle
        
        embryonic root
      - epicotyl
        
        embryonic stem
      - hypocotyl
        
        root/shoot junction
    - - mature seed where endosperm is abundant
    - - mature seed where endosperm is sparse/absent
    - - mature integuments that surround nucellus
  - - - mature ovary
    - - exocarp
        
        outer layer, skin/peel
      - mesocarp
        
        middle, flesh
      - endocarp
        
        innermost layer, pit
    - - entire fruit wall
- - - - pollination of a carpel by pollen from a different individual
    - - pollination of a carpel by pollen from same flower
      - or another flower on same plant
  - - - is prevented if anthers and stigmas mature at different times
  - - - chemical reactions between pollen and carpels
        
        prevent pollen growth
  - - - essential
        
        produce critically important spores
      - nonessential
        
        sepals and petals
    - - imperfect
        
        lack essential organs, incomplete
      - perfect
        
        is complete and has essential organs
    - - dioecious
      - some produce only staminate flowers, others only produce carpellate flowers
    - - monoecious
      - having staminate flowers located on same plant as carpellate flowers
  - - - flower becoming adapted to insect visitation
      - insect efficient exploitation of the flower
    - - radially symmertrical
    - - bilaterally symmetrical
  - - - epigynous
      - sepals fuse and thick, protective layer around ovary
    - - hypogynous parts
      - no fusion occurs
    - - half-inferior with perigynous flower parts
- - - - limited potential for growth b/c flower
    - - lowest/outermost flowers open first
- - - - fruits containing only ovarian tissue
    - - false fruit
      - any nonovarian tissue is present
    - - fruit develops from a single ovary
      - fused ovaries of one flower
      - most common kind
    - - separate carpels of one gynoecium fuse during development
    - - all individual fruits of an inflorescence fuse onto one fruit
  - - - dry = not typically eaten by natural seed-distributing animals
      - fleshy = are eaten by natural seed-distributing animals #
    - - break open and release seeds
    - - do not break open and release seeds
- - - - mosses
    - - liverworts
    - - hornworts
- - - - gametophores
        
        leafy stems
        
        tightly pressed together forming mounds
    - - hydroids
        
        innermost cortex cells
      - leptoids
        
        cells that resemble sieve cells
      - rhizoids
        
        base of stem
        
        multicellular trichome-like structures
    - - protonema
        
        entire network of a branched system of similar cells
    - - antheridia
        
        microgametangia
        
        where sperms are produced
      - archegonia
        
        megagametangia
        
        where eggs are produced
  - - - zygote develops into small tissue
    - - upper cell dividion into simple apical sporangium
    - - between the foot and sporangium
    - - apex of the sporangium differentiates as a caplike lid
    - - cell breakage resulting in rows of teeth
    - - covers the apex
      - layer of cells derived from the neck
  - - - small size
      - lack of conducting tissues
- - - - group 1
      - gametophyte phase initiated when spores germinate
      - have two rounded lobes with no midrib or conducting tissue
      - more like mosses
    - - group 2
      - body is referred to as thallus
        
        body without roots,stems,and leaves
      - less like mosses
    - - NOT stomata
      - do not have guard cells
    - - umbrella-shaped outgrowth
      - from male gametophores
    - - apex is set of radiating fingers
      - also stalked
  - - - single, elongate cells with spring-shaped walls
      - when sporangium opens, elaters push spores out
- - - - reintroducing wolves at Yellowstone #
      - migrating bears and mountain lions across the Rio Grande
- - - - Alpha
        
        local, small site
      - Beta
        
        larger region
      - Gamma
        
        diversity within a region
    - - relationship between area and species richness
      - S=cA^z
    - - number of species in each abundance class
  - - - canada
    - - rainforest
- - - - two fundamental aspects
        
        feeding rate
        
        how quickly a predator finds a new prey
        
        handling time
        
        amount of time to consume prey
    - - functional response dependent on prey density
    - - line indicating population stability
    - - predator overexploits the prey
        
        both species are lost
    - - harvest enough species to keep population at max per capita productivity
    - - pop health is determined by amount of fish, deer, etc. that can be harvested
    - - fishermen/hunters are only allowed to catch/kill certain amount of animals
  - - - examine interactions between herbivores and plants
      - why do they select the plants they do?
    - - predators should prefer prey that gives them the most energy
      - if that prey becomes scarce, then predator should expand its diet
      - some prey items will always be eaten, others will never
  - - - resource competition occurs when organisms consume shared resource
    - - one oragnism restricts another oraganisms resources
        
        even if they're not using the resource
    - - increases from low population density even with competitor
    - - any substance or factor that increases growth rate
  - - - plants not competing for and using a resource
- - - - the first organism does this to the presence of the other
- - - - region of environment is composed of discrete patches where species live
      - some patched are occupied with species
      - empty patches will become colonized by migration
      - populations in individual patches have probability of going extinct
  - - - colonizing new patches
      - flourishing temporarily
      - colonizing more patches before it dies out in old one
- - - - through membrane
        
        freely permeable
        
        allow all solutes to pass
        
        completely impermeable
        
        nothing passes through
        
        selectively permeable
        
        only certain things can pass
        
        molecular pumps
        
        use ATP for pump
        
        active transport
        
        intracellular transport
        
        vesicles migrate through cytoplasm
        
        fuse with another organelle
- - - - cells that burst when placed in water
    - - protoplast has lost enough water to pull away from wall
    - - when incipient plasmolysis does not happen
      - protoplast pulls completely from wall and shrinks
  - - - pressure potential equation
      - Ψpi
        
        osmotic potential #
      - Ψm
        
        matric potential
- - - - secrete salt
      - nutrients to embryos
      - sugar loaded in/out phloem
- - - - actively transported
    - - receive transported phloem sap
        
        P-protein
        
        becomes tangled mass in cell center
        
        P-protein plug
        
        callose
      - extremely diverse
  - - - sugars and nutrients transported per hour
      - specific mass transfer
        
        mass transfer / cross-sectional area
- - - - strong water bonds
    - - water molecules interact with other water
  - - - open stomatal pores allows water loss
        
        transstomatal transpiration
        
        transcuticular transpiration
        
        directly through cuticle
    - - body water content that changes with habitat moisture
    - - water column breaks
      - hydrogen bonding broken over large region
      - embolism
        
        space between two portions
        
        air bubble
  - - - trade between CO2 and H2O
- - - - zygote undergoes only meiosis
- - - - both branches being equal in size and vigor
    - - fossils that have characters that include:
        
        characteristic of Cooksonia
    - - protostele
        
        center is solid mass of xylem with no pith
        
        endarch protostele
        
        prortoxylem located in center and metaxylem on edges of xylem mass
  - - - another group of early vascular plants named after Zosterophyllum
    - - outgrowths on surface
      - range of small to long, thin
- - - - enations in the division Lycophyta
  - - - culsters of extant lycophytes sporangia
  - - - small flap of tissue
      - distinguish selaginellas from lycopodiums
- - - - most important trend
      - unequal branching one stem more vigorous
    - - single main trunk
  - - - leaves evolved from branch systems
      - present in all seed plants, ferns, and equisetophytes
    - - telome theory
        
        megaphyll evolution
      - last dichotomy twigs
    - - sporangium-bearing, leaf-like structure
    - - all megaphyllous plants form a monophyletic clade
  - - - roots have exarch xylem
      - megaphylls
      - 30-kilobase inversion in large single-copy region of DNA
    - - two sister clades
    - - woody plants
  - - - 15 extant species
    - - ten sporangia located on this umbrella-shped
    - - main trunk
      - lateral branches
      - true leaves and roots
  - - - almost all of the monilophytes
    - - at each node
      - diverges from the siphonostele
    - - vascular cylinder of parenchyma
    - - clusters of sporangia where meiosis occurs
    - - eusporangium
        
        surface cells undergo periclinal divisions
      - leptosporangia
        
        initiated when single cell divides periclinally
        
        forms outward protrusion
- - - - lack seeds
      - reproduction is hidden
- - - - reproduces slowly
      - die without reproducing
  - - - things go unnoticed
- - - - one copy is very significant
        
        even a single copy should not be ignored
      - all genomes subject to mutagenic factors
    - - events which an organism connot adapt
      - examples:
        
        volcanic eruption
        
        floods
        
        hialstorms
        
        droughts
        
        meteorite hits Earth
    - - humans purposefully change the allele frequency of gene pool
      - selective breeding for plants and animals
        
        wheat, rice, corn
      - alter flower color and life length
        
        acridine dyes, UV, gamma rays
    - - most significant factor of gene pool change
      - two conditions:
        
        produce enough offspring
        
        most seeds do not go far, making it hard to grow
        
        progeny alleles must differ
        
        if all were same, all could be susceptible
    - - purpose
        
        cannot say "Plants do something in order to..."
      - intention
      - planning
      - voluntary decision making
  - - - freshly plowed field
      - sides of road cut
      - burned areas
      - flooded plain area
  - - - examples:
        
        pathogenic fungus
        
        insect attack
        
        drought
        
        cold
        
        need for pollination
      - one plant might be resistant to one but susceptible to another
- - - - movement of alleles physically through space
      - different ways:
        
        pollen transfer
        
        wind or animal/insect
        
        can happen rapidly
        
        seed dispersal
        
        wind, steams, animal fur
        
        new alleles spread throughout new site
        
        vegetative propagation
        
        species evolves into new species
  - - - two fundamental causes
        
        Abiological Reproductive Barriers
        
        nonliving feature prevents populations exchanging genes
        
        allopatric/geographic speciation
        
        Biological Reproductive Barriers
        
        biological phenomenon prevent gene flow
        
        sympatric speciation
        
        groups become reproductively isolated (even grown together)
        
        prezygotic isolation mechanisms
        
        act before zygote forms
        
        hybrid sterility
        
        two populations breed
        
        produce sterile offspring
        
        adaptive radiation
        
        founder individuals
        
        first initial gene pool
  - - - two may grow to resemble another
- - - - second atmosphere
        
        reducing atmosphere
      - first atmosphere
        
        hydrogen = too light
    - - UV and gamma rays from sun
      - heat
      - electricity
        
        lightning
    - - lack of free molecular oxygen
      - had no limit
  - - - formed randomly
      - chemical components into masses
  - - - absorbing ATP
  - - - allowed the world to rust
      - created conditions selected for evolution of aerobic respiration
    - - from early second atmosphere
      - addition of oxygen
- - - - plants remain upright for fruit, pollinators
      - blown from sites
    - - cylindrical shape
    - - cytokinin and gibberellin
- - - - mitotically inactive central region
  - - - transfer of minerals
    - - innermost layer of cortical cells
    - - bands of altered walls
    - - parenchyma cells
  - - - only Caparian strips
    - - powerful absorbtion of water
- - - - connection to the vascular tissues
- - - - permanent shoots
        
        store significant amounts of nutrients
  - - - brace trunk from blowing over
  - - - attached to branches of trees
    - - layers of large dead cells (white)
      - waterproof barrier
  - - - caused by changes in shape of cortex cells
        
        shorten and expand radically
  - - - woody forest plants
      - fungal hyphae penetrate between root cortex
    - - herbaceous plants
      - hyphae penetrate root cortex as far as endodermus
  - - - conversion of nitrogen into usable compounds
    - - penetrates one cell after another
      - tubelike invagination
    - - bulb-like structures
  - - - parasitic plants become highly modified
    - - spends life being diffuse root system
      - network of parenchyma cells
- - - - lateral root
      - branch root
      - radicle
        
        largest root
    - - fibrouse root system
      - adventitious roots
        
        increase absorbative and transport capacities
  - - - root cap
        
        protection
        
        mucigel
        
        zone of elongation
        
        root hair zone
        
        root hairs
        
        increase root structure
        
        few millimeters
- - - - elevate leaves
    - - chlorophyll-rich chlorenchyma
      - phoyosynthesis
      - only primary tissue (usually)
- - - - lower side
      - larger veins
    - - upper side
      - smooth
    - - blade of just one part
    - - leaflets
        
        many small blades
      - petiolule
        
        attachment of leaflets
      - rachis
        
        extension of the petiole
  - - - leaf has petiole
    - - cutting off leaf after death
        
        leaf scar
  - - - eudicots and basal angiosperms
- - - - water loss
    - - more stomata
    - - less stomata
  - - - eudicot
      - lateral veins
        
        minor veins
        
        water from xylem and sugar to phloem
      - conduction/support/protection
        
        bundle sheath
        
        bundle sheath extension
  - - - upper surface
      - organized, tight
    - - lower surface
      - loose, free
  - - - branch from vascular bundles
    - - protect shoot apical meristem
- - - - grows quickly
      - taller that apical meristem
      - bulk of midvein
- - - - side facing object stops growing
- - - - roses, asters, maples
    - - gresses, cattails, palms
    - - warterlilies, magnolias, laurels
  - - - shoot and root apical meristems
  - - - not apical meristems
- - - - leaves, petals, fruits, and seeds
  - - - conducting
        
        tracheids
        
        long narrow
        
        dead at maturity
        
        vessel elements
        
        short wide
        
        dead at maturity
      - mechanical
        
        long fibers
        
        many are dead, but some are alive
        
        short sclereids
        
        dead at maturity
- - - - area between nodes
  - - - mini shoot
    - - at extreme tip of stem
    - - protects bud
  - - - don't shade each other
  - - - short shoot, thick leaves
    - - thick/vertical stems, thin leaves
    - - horizontal stems
    - - horizontal stems, short lives
- - - - outermost layer
        
        cuticle
        
        made of cutin
      - stoma
        
        guard cell + stomatal pore
      - trichomes (hair)
    - - tracheids
        
        pit membrane
      - vessel elements
        
        tracheary element
        
        thickenings
        
        annular
        
        helical
        
        scalariform
        
        reticulate
        
        circular bordered pits
        
        strongest
        
        border
        
        extra wall around pit
        
        perforation
        
        vessel
        
        stack of vessel elements
    - - interior of epidermus
        
        parenchyma
    - - sieve cells
        
        sieve element
        
        sieve pores
        
        sieve areas
        
        sieve tube
        
        albuminous cells
      - sieve tube members
        
        sieve plates
        
        companion cells
    - - xylem
      - phloem
    - - pith similar to
      - collateral
        
        primary phloem
        
        primary xylem
- - - - protoxylem
        
        metaxylem
  - - - primary growth
- - - - respiration without oxygen
    - - bacteria killed by oxygen
    - - glucose broken down
        
        Glycolysis Steps
        
        substrate-level phosphorylation
        
        ADP to ATP
        
        NAD+ to NADH
        
        ANIMALS: NADH + pyruvate (electron acceptor) = lactate
        
        PLANTS & FUNGI: acetaldehyde (from pyruvate) + NADH = ethanol
    - - switch from aerobic
  - - - proton acceptor
    - - glycolysis
        
        ATP + NADH
      - oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)
        
        flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
        
        protein coefactor
        
        ubiquinone
        
        accepts electrons from FMN
        
        cytochrome oxidase
        
        enzyme complex
      - citric acid cycle
    - - switch to anaerobic
    - - autotrophs
        
        CO2 as prime C source
      - heterotrophs
        
        no CO2 or Calvin cycle
  - - - ??? still unknown
  - - - photosynthetic + Calvin cylce
    - - eat to get ATP
    - - absorb carbon for ATP
- - - - doubles respiration
    - - slows respiration
    - - increases respiration (not as fast)
    - - respiration slows greatly
  - - - less amount O2
    - - no O2
  - - - active motabolism
        
        high levels of aerobic respiration
    - - fruit
        
        steady respiration then inc.
      - seeds
        
        mature embryo
        
        respiration decreases dramtically
        
        dormant (no respiration)
- - - - 2 ATP
        
        1 mol of glucose fermented
  - - - more efficient than anaerobic
  - - - reduced to CO2 and 6 NADPH
        
        nitrate to amino acids
        
        sulfates to sulfhydryls
        
        carbohydrates to fats
  - - - length of fatty acid
      - acetyl CoA enters
      - complete respiration not occur
- - - - RQ=1
        
        6CO2 / 6O2
    - - RQ= 0.7
        
        almost no O2
    - - No O2 consumption
    - - RQ=1.33
        
        have large amounts of O2
        
        acids (RQ= +1)
- - - - barley
        
        most common type
        
        starch to sugar quickest
      - wheat
        
        "wheat beer"
      - corn
      - rice
        
        sake (rice wine)
        
        super strong
        
        served hot
    - - Humulus lupulus
        
        bitter tatse
    - - more starches to sugars
      - brew mash with less carbs
  - - - many different types
        
        chardonnay
        
        pinot noir
        
        cabernet sauvignon
        
        merlot
      - fermentation vats
        
        CO2 leaves
        
        O2 does NOT enter
  - - - kill yeast
    - - strong ethanol added
      - distillation
        
        solution is heated
        
        vapors are carried away in tubes
  - - - drunk driving
        
        5th greatest cause of death in US
    - - alcoholism
        
        fetal alcohol syndrome
    - - one to several college kids
        
        disrupts lipids in cell membrain
- - - - tolerabce range
        
        between low and high extremes
    - - pioneers
        
        first plant invades new soil
        
        tolerate severe conditions
      - A horizon #
        
        uppermost layer of soil
        
        litter and debris
        
        zone of leaching
      - B horizon
        
        second layer of soil
        
        zone of deposition
        
        humus and clay
      - C horizon
        
        third layer of soil
        
        parent rock and rock fragments
    - - at equator 12 hr. days, no seasons
      - arctic, summer 24 hr. days
      - higher altitudes = poor soil no overhead sun
    - - fires, landslides, avalanches, floods
  - - - each plant modifies the habitat
    - - mutualism
        
        beneficial for both organisms
        
        bee pollinating flower
      - competition
        
        disadvantageous for both
        
        plants not growing well together
      - competitive exclusion
        
        one theory of competition
        
        less adapted species dies
      - niche
        
        adapted to particular set of conditions
      - ecotypes
        
        specialized response to ecosystem
      - transplant experiments
        
        test if ecotypes exists
      - common garden
        
        where tested plants are grown together
    - - Commensal relationships #
        
        one species benefits, other is unaffected
        
        birds nest and trees
      - Predation
        
        one species benefits, other is harmed
        
        herbivors
      - herbivores
        
        herbivory/browsing/grazing
        
        animals that eat plants
      - pathogenic
        
        fungi/bacteria affecting plant
  - - - set of conditions to complete life cycle
    - - aspects of habitat that affect plant
- - - - limiting factor
        
        determines the health of the plant
    - - random distribution
        
        no obivious pattern position of individuals
      - clumped distributions
        
        spacing between plants either small or large
        
        never average
      - uniform distributions
        
        evenly spaced from another
        
        orchards, plantations
      - allelochemics
        
        inhibition = allelopathy
        
        chemicals released by plants
  - - - age distribution
      - demography
        
        proportions of young, middle, old ages
    - - Generation Time
        
        length of time from birth of one to birth of its offspring
        
        annuals have one year length
      - Intrinsic rate of natural increase
        
        aka biotic potentiall
        
        number of offspring produced by plant with ideal conditions
    - - limited number of population living in particular ecosystem
  - - - r-selected species
        
        annuals or small, shrubby perennials
        
        bc environment gets too crowded
    - - K-selected species
        
        long-lived conifers
        
        face intense competition
- - - - means of surviving stress
        
        thermophytes #
        
        survive stress as seeds
        
        geophytes
        
        buds underground
        
        hemicryptophytes
        
        buds at surface of soil
        
        chamaephytes
        
        buds above ground
        
        phanerophytes
        
        buds are high
    - - physical size/shape of organism
      - distribution w/ each other and environment
  - - - certain time span it takes for changes in an ecosystem
  - - - number and diversity of species that coexists in ecosystem
  - - - feeding levels
    - - autotrophs
    - - herbivores #
    - - carnivores
      - omnivores
    - - fungi and bacteria
    - - energy flow
        
        ATP, heat, CO2, and water
      - carbon flow
- - - - photosynthesis
        
        directly
        
        CO2 to carbohydrate
        
        endergonic reaction light energy
      - respiration
        
        indirectly
    - - get energy from light
      - green plants and cyanobacteria
      - build there own molecules
      - chlorophyllous leaves
    - - energy from respiring organic molecules
      - animals, parasitic plants, fungi
      - roots, wood, flowers
- - - - pigments enter as necessary
        
        chlorophyll a
      - pigments make small intermediates
        
        ATP
        
        guanosine triphosphate
      - ADP to ATP
        
        photophosphorylation
        
        light energy
        
        chloroplasts
        
        substrate-level phosphorylation
        
        high-energy groups
        
        force their phosphate
        
        all parts all time
        
        oxidative phosphorylation
        
        phosphorylated to ATP
        
        all parts all time
  - - - gain electrons
        
        hydrogen
      - vs oxidized agents
        
        loss electrons
        
        oxygen
    - - NAD+
      - NADP+
    - - accept/donate electrons
  - - - transport electrons
        
        hydrophobic
    - - caries electron on copper
    - - small proteins
        
        thylakoid membrane
- - - - electromagnetic radiation spectrum
        
        quanta (photons)
        
        gamma, cosmic, UV
        
        short
        
        large energy
        
        infrared, microwaves, radio, radar
        
        long
        
        little energy
    - - chlorophyll a
        
        critical pigment
        
        conjugated double bonds
      - useful info.
        
        action spectrum
        
        wavelengths powering photochemical process
        
        absorption spectrum
        
        wavelengths absorbed by pigments
      - photosynthetic unit
        
        photosystem 1
        
        P700
        
        absorb red
        
        ferredoxin
        
        reduce NADP+
        
        photosystem 2
        
        backwards of photosystem 1
        
        P680
        
        1 and 2 move through etc
      - Synthesis of ATP
        
        chemiosmotic phosphrylation
        
        thykaloid
        
        grana
        
        stack
        
        stroma
        
        gell
        
        noncyclic electron transport vs.
        
        smoothly from H2O to NADPH
        
        cyclic electron transport
        
        simple light-powered proton pump
  - - - acceptor molecule reacts CO2
      - RuBP carboxylate
        
        carries out reaction
      - C3 cycle in stroma
    - - 3-phos. to 1,3 diphos.
        
        reduced to 3-phos.
  - - - intermediate: glucose and disaccharide sucrose
      - long: starch and lipids
      - short: ATP and NADPH used
    - - gluconeogenesis
        
        dihydroxyacetone phosphate
- - - - color/wavelengths contains
        
        light compensation point
    - - light intensity/brightness
    - - hours of sunlight throughout day
  - - - C4 metabolism explination
      - CAM explination
  - - - energy-wasting process
        
        exergonic
      - protects plant
      - low
    - - O2 kept away from RuBP carboxylase
      - Mesophyll
        
        enzyme PEP carboxylase
        
        binding CO2
  - - - stomata open at night