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Lab Practical (Exc 12,13 17,19) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - produced from vegatative cells
        
        metabolically active bacteria cells
    - - drying out
      - extreme temperatures
        
        especially outer structure of endospore
        
        cortex
        
        made up PG
        
        spore coat
        
        exosporium
      - Chemicals
      - Radiation
  - - - If environ favorable
        
        cells become vegetative again
  - - - penetration
      - cause mutation
    - - removal of amine group of cytosine
        
        Cytosine -> Uracil
      - Damage repair
        
        Excision Repair
        
        Powered by ATP
        
        removes deaminated cytosine
        
        endonuclease enzyme
    - - covalent bonding b/w adjacent thymines in DNA
        
        Once DNA poly reaches dimer, replication can't occur
        
        cell death
      - Damage repair
        
        Photoreactivation
        
        Powered by visibe light
        
        Breaks thymine dimers
        
        photolyase enzyme
- - - - E.g. Nitrogen
        
        Abundant in but not in soil
      - lack of nutrient limits growth
        
        microbe population
        
        size of plants
        
        size of plant dependent animals
    - - Air Nitrogen into usable ammonia or ammonium
        
        N-> (NH3 or NH4)
      - Can be done by bac
        
        Rhizobium
    - - Legume provide Rhizomeium home and carbs
        
        in root tissue
      - Bac provide usable nitrogen
      - Plants grown better in less fertile soil
      - Mutalism
        
        symbiosis where both organism benefit
      - Def
        
        Two organisms living together
      - Commensalism
        
        one organism benefit and other not harmed
      - Parasitism
        
        one organism benifit and other harmed
  - - - Energy intensive but can be produced by aerobic respiration
        
        not anaerobic respiration
      - But nitrogen fixation uses nitrogenase
        
        highly sensitive to oxygen
        
        irreversible damage if exposed
    - - Make leghemoglobin
        
        oxygen scavenging molecule
        
        capture excess oxygen for cellular respiration
        
        allow nitrogen fixation to occur while oxy lvls low enough for nitrogenase to work
        
        Plants make globin part
        
        Rhizobium makes heme portion
- - - - By transferring into and replicating in as many recipient cells as possible
  - - - process of genetic transfer b/w bacterial cells during direct cell-cell contact
    - - Selective
        
        Allows some bacteria grow on media while inhibiting growth of others
      - Differential
        
        Has a more than one dye and can show differences based on groups of bacteria or structure of single bacteria
    - - The culture is places on the Lb agar plate to grow
    - - it knows best chance is to make as many copies of iteslf as possible
        
        spread DNA around
  - - - means presence of R plasmid
        
        What is r plasmid?
        
        A F-factor that carries more than one gene for antibiotic resistance
        
        Implications of infection by bac with R-plasmid
        
        Resistant to multiple drugs
        
        Require greater effort to control
    - - AKA R plasmid
      - AKA Fertility Factor
      - Operons
        
        Cat operon
        
        chloramphenicol resistance
        
        Lac Operon
        
        Lac operon utilization
        
        Tra operon
        
        transfer plasmid from donor to recipient
      - produces F pilus
      - Contacts cell by direct cell to cell
    - - MacConkey + Chloramphenicol
        
        Cells grow
        
        all lac +
      - MacConkey + Kanamycin
        
        No growth
        
        cells are kan (s)
      - MacConkey + Chloramphenicol + Kanamycin
        
        No growth
        
        cells are kan (s)
  - - - Lacks
        
        Cat
        
        Lac
        
        trans
    - - resistance gene to Ab kanamycin
    - - MacConkey + Kanamycin
        
        growth
      - MacConkey + Chloramphenicol + Kanamycin
        
        no growth
      - MacConkey + Chloramphenicol
        
        No growth
  - - - F factor unwound and transfeered from F+ cell to F- cell via F pilus
      - F-factor (ssDNA) replicated to form dsDNA
      - Recipient now had F-factor
    - - Tra
      - lac
    - - Cat
      - kan