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Cardiovascular System, Organization of Vertebrate Circulatory Systems,…

- - - - when underwater, blood flow to the lungs is nearly cut off
  - - - mammals and birds are endotherms and require more O2 than ectotherms
- - - - blood leaves the left ventricle via the aorta, which conveys blood to the arteries leading throughout the body
        
        Capillaries rejoin, forming venules, conveying blood to veins
        
        oxygen poor blood from the head, neck, and forelimbs is channeled into the superior vena cava
        
        inferior vena cava drains blood from the trunk and hind limbs
        
        the 2 vanae cavae empty their blood into the right atrium from which oxygen poor blood flows into the right ventricle
        
        Branches lead to capillary beds in abdominal organs and hind limbs
        
        O2 diffuses from blood to tissues, and CO2 diffuses from th etissues to blood