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An elderly female patient has a history of osteoporosis, chronic type II…
An elderly female patient has a history of osteoporosis, chronic type II diabetes mellitus, and high blood
pressure
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Glomerulus: tangle of capillary loops, glomerular capillaries
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receives filtrate, modified to form urine
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lining changes from simple cuboidal epithelium (thick segment) to simple squamous (thin segment) then back to simple cuboidal
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Flows through PCT, nephron loop, DCT, collecting ducts
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Flows from minor calyx, to major calyx, to renal pelvis, to ureter
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e.g., water, glucose, amino acids, ions
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Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle — so brittle that a fall or even mild stresses such as bending over or coughing can cause a fracture. Osteoporosis-related fractures most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.
High blood pressure is a common condition in which the long-term force of the blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems, such as heart disease.
You can have high blood pressure (hypertension) for years without any symptoms. Even without symptoms, damage to blood vessels and your heart continues and can be detected. Uncontrolled high blood pressure increases your risk of serious health problems, including heart attack and stroke.
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Low Kidney function, the kidneys play an important role in maintaining healthy bone mass and structure by balancing phosphorus and calcium levels in the blood. Healthy kidneys activate a form of vitamin D that a person consumes in food, turning it into calcitriol, the active form of the vitamin.
Type 2 diabetes can cause damage to the kidneys and lead to kidney disease in a number of ways, including: Damage to the blood vessels inside the kidneys. The kidneys are filled with tiny blood vessels. Over time, high blood sugar levels in the blood can cause these vessels to become narrow and clogged.
The nephrons in the kidneys are supplied with a dense network of blood vessels, and high volumes of blood flow through them. Over time, uncontrolled high blood pressure can cause arteries around the kidneys to narrow, weaken or harden. These damaged arteries are not able to deliver enough blood to the kidney tissue.
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