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An elderly female patient has a history of osteoporosis, chronic type II…

- - - - make urine by filtering wastes and extra water from blood
    - - carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
    - - stores urine
    - - transmits urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body during urination
    - - two muscles used to control the exit of urine in the urinary bladder through the urethra
  - - - Renal Corpuscle
        
        Glomerulus
        
        tangle of capillary loops, glomerular capillaries
        
        blood enters by afferent arteriole
        
        blood exits by efferent arteriole
        
        Glomerular Capsule
        
        has internal permeable visceral layer
        
        directly overlies glomerular capillaries
        
        external impermeable parietal layer
        
        composed of simple squamous epithelium
        
        capsular space between two layers
        
        receives filtrate, modified to form urine
      - Renal Tubule
        
        Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
        
        first region
        
        originates at tubular pole or renal corpuscle
        
        lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
        
        has microvilli increasing surface area and reabsorption capacity
        
        Nephron loop
        
        contains descending limb and ascending limb
        
        connect at a "hairpin turn" within the medulla
        
        lining changes from simple cuboidal epithelium (thick segment) to simple squamous (thin segment) then back to simple cuboidal
        
        Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
        
        originates in renal cortex at end of ascending limb
        
        extends to collecting duct
        
        lined by simple cuboidal epithelium without microvilli
  - - - separate fluid in glomerular capillaries
    - - return of components from within tubular fluid to blood within peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
    - - movements of solutes from blood to tubular fluid