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Flowers and Reproduction - Coggle Diagram

- - - - In plants, sexual reproduction results in the production of seeds
        
        Seeds have a number of ways to scatter in an effort to avoid overcrowding
        
        Being eaten along with fruit and taking root where the animal uses the little critter's room
        
        Being scattered by the wind
    - - This is possible through a diversity in genes, with different organisms of the same species being more fit for different conditions
- - - - If the original roots are compromised, the parts that have taken root can sustain themselves
      - These roots are called adventitious roots
        
        Shoots, amply called adventitious shoot buds, may form in roots and produce seemingly new plants in other species
        
        Entire groves of willow trees have connected root systems due to this
- - - - The plant life cycle is much more complicated than that of mammals, for instance
        
        Sporophyte Phase
        
        Also called sporophyte generation
        
        Plants at this phase are the archetypal plants: trees, shrubs, herbs
        
        By definition, plants are in this phase when they are diploid and have the organs that contain cells capable of meiosis
        
        Effectively, these plants are sexually mature adults
        
        Gametophyte Phase
        
        Also called gametophyte generation
        
        Possesses Haploid Cells
        
        Plants spores do not undergo syngamy; instead, the spores undergo mitosis
        
        The result is a gametophyte plant
        
        Syngamy is the process of gametes fusing with other gametes
        
        Most plants are oogamous
        
        This means that they two types of gametes: sperm cells and egg cells
        
        This also means there are male and female variants of plants
        
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        This type of life cycle is called an alternation of generations
        
        Because the two generations don't resemble one another, this specific type is an alternation of heteromorphic generations
        
        Possesses Diploid Cells
      - Plant Structure
        
        Pedicel
        
        The Flower Stalk
        
        Receptacle
        
        End of the axis where the other parts of the flower are connected
        
        Four types of floral appendages
        
        Sepals
        
        Lowermost and outermost of the floral appendages
        
        Modified Leaves
        
        Overall the most sturdy of the flower parts
        
        Protects the flower until maturity
        
        This isn't directly stated by the book, but I would assume this means they mature well before the rest of the flower and recede upon the flower's maturity
        
        Collectively called the calyx
        
        May be colorful to help attract pollinators
        
        Petals
        
        Above the septals
        
        Collectively called the corolla
        
        The sepals and petals together are called the flower's perianth
        
        Similar to leaves, but thinner and with a variety of pigments
        
        Stamens
        
        Above The Petals
        
        Collectively known as the androecium
        
        Made up by two parts
        
        Filament
        
        Basically The Stalk
        
        Anther
        
        Area where pollen is produced
        
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        Each contain four microsporocytes. These produce the spores, which become pollen upon further development
        
        Carpels
        
        Make up the gynoecium
        
        Above the other flower parts on the axis
        
        Three Main Parts
        
        Stigma
        
        Catches Pollen Grains
        
        Style
        
        Elevates Stigma
        
        Ovary
        
        Produces Megaspores
        
        Contains Placentae
        
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        Most plants have all four
        
        These are called complete flowers
        
        Plants that don't are called incomplete flowers
  - - - 'Male' version of gametophyte
      - Formed from a microspore
      - Small and Simple
      - Upon reaching the edge of the pollen grain, it undergoes mitosis, producing a vegetative cell and a generative cell
        
        This generative cell does what's in its job description and generates two sperm cells to fertilize eggs
        
        The vegetative cell makes itself useful later on by becoming a tube cell, or pollen tube, to transport the sperm to the egg
    - - Formed from a megaspore
      - 'Female' version of gametophyte
      - Produces up to eight haploid nuclei in one cell
  - - - Plasmogamy is the fusion of the gametes' protoplasts
      - Karyogamy is the fusion of the nuclei
    - - These polar nuclei are ones that did not become eggs and are in the middle of the embryo sac
      - This process is referred to as double fertilization
      - This endosperm nucleus will nourish the zygote as it develops
  - - - Embryo Proper
        
        This clump of cells, situated on one side of the suspensor, continues to undergo mitosis
        
        The furthest side of the clump of cells, now an embryo, develops one or two cotyledon(s)
        
        Plants with one cotyledon are monocots
        
        Monocots usually have albuminous seeds
        
        This means that the endosperm was saved for the mature seed to obtain nourishments from
        
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        Plants with two cotyledons are dicots
        
        Further into development, the embryo adopts an elongate shape
        
        The embryonic root, embryonic stem, and the connecting point between the two are present at this point
      - Suspensor
        
        Short stalk-like structure`
        
        This structure pushes the embryo deeper into the endosperm
  - - - Exocarp
        
        Outermost
        
        The Skin
        
        I'm pretty sure it's rich in fiber
      - Mesocarp
        
        Middle
        
        Fleshy Part
      - Endocarp
        
        Sometimes tough, sometimes thin
      - Pericarp
        
        Entirety of the fruit wall
- - - - This is caused by chemical reactions between pollen and carpels that prevent the growth of pollen
  - - - These are called essential organs, and they are stamens and carpels
        
        Flowers that lack these are called imperfect flowers
        
        Flowers that have these are called perfect flowers