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Course Mind Atlas, Identifiable Characteristic, Necessary for Reproduction…

- - - - Expressed gene differentials
    - - Alleles present in the individual #
    - - Study if inheritance
    - - Physical expressed characteristics of the individual
  - - - Transposon
        
        Larger genes that don't always code for its removal
        
        Could be virulent
      - Insertion Sequence
        
        Code the enzyme that removes it
    - - DNA
        
        replicons
        
        Primer RNA
        
        DNA Polymerase
        
        New DNA
        
        Primer RNA
        
        DNA Polymerase
        
        New DNA
  - - - Complete destruction #
      - Relatively nothing at all
      - Mutations are almost always deleterious
    - - Not passed on to the offspring
    - - mutagens
        
        Radioactive particles
        
        chemicals
        
        UV light
    - - Must be present or mutation will kill the organism
      - Must not work too well or no one has selective advantage.
        
        this makes evolution an impossibility
      - Must've developed over a long period of time with every mutated organism dying
  - - - One character dominates the other
      - The other character is recessive
    - - used to assess the genotype of a particular phenotype that is none to be dominant
    - - Reproducing with self
        
        Causes variant offspring
    - - multiple alleles arise from
        
        synapomorphisms in proteins
    - - Red and White P-Generation
        
        Pink F1-Generation
  - - - Multiple phenotype effects
  - - - moving from one chromosome to the other even across large regions
    - - genes too close together to be independently assorted
    - - Process of moving without regard to other alleles
  - - - Normally recessive #
      - Normally homozygous
    - - polyploid
    - - only the egg donates plastid and mitochondrion genes
- - - - Fluid Dynamics #
        
        See thermo's notebook
    - - Determined by solute concentration
        
        Plasmolysis
        
        Cell death from too much solute on the outside
    - - Refers to capillary motion
  - - - Form joints between stem and midvein
      - Use potassium to control turgor pressure #
      - Venus flytrap uses this to catch insects
    - - Hydraulic equilibrium closes them
      - Potassium controlled
  - - - Selectively
      - Impermeable
      - Freely
  - - - Vesicles made of cell membrane
  - - - Adhesion
        
        Stick to you
      - Cohesion
        
        Stick to itself
    - - cohesion-tension hypothesis
        
        transcuticular transpiration
        
        water loss directly from cuticle
        
        transstomotal transpiration
        
        water loss occurring in the apoplastic space
      - Poikilohydry
        
        Water content change dependent on the environment
    - - Can be used to mitigate low water environments to be survivable
  - - - Transports Sugars
    - - Fall/Winter
        
        Roots
      - Spring/Summer
        
        Leaves
    - - Active Transport
      - Membrane-bound pumps control water
    - - Storage Organs
- - - - Periclinal division increases width
      - Anticlinal increases length
    - - Mainly storage Parenchyma
    - - Fascicular Cambium
        
        Creates Secondary Xylem and Phloem
      - Interfascicular Cambium
        
        Connects Fascicular Cambium
    - - Non-Storied
      - Storied
        
        Recent Evolution
  - - - delineate age
      - Can show environmental changes
    - - Angiosperm only
      - Tension wood
      - Gelatinous Fibers
    - - Normally Secondary Xylem
      - Axial and Non-Axial Systems
      - Hard
        
        Plenty of Fibers
      - Soft
        
        Lack Fibers
    - - Tougher Dead
    - - Still transporting water
  - - - Cortex sits underneath Phelloderm
    - - Phelloderm
      - Phellogen
      - Phellum
  - - - Sweet potato roots
      - Included phloem
      - unequal vascular cambium activity
- - - - group of species occurring together
    - - The predictable sequence of community changes
    - - Community that follows a period of disturbance
    - - Involves the artificial help of fixing disturbed communities
    - - The altering of a habit either by human or natural interaction
  - - - The physical size of the sample area
      - Follows a species-area relationship curve
      - Species Abundance
        
        Can be plotted in a distribution
        
        Close to normally distributed
    - - Can affect species abundance
  - - - functional response
        
        feeding rate + handling time
      - prey dependent
        
        feeding response is related to prey population density
      - zero growth isocline
        
        population stability
      - paradox of enrichment
        
        increase in prey could lead to over hunting and killing both species
      - Harvesting Methods
        
        maximum sustained yield
        
        exist when you harvest as much as the species grows
        
        Fixed quota
        
        Specific number can be harvested
        
        Fixed Effort
        
        Harvesting number is determined by species richness
    - - Optimal Foraging #
        
        Study of why herbivores eat the plants they do
    - - Explotation
        
        Limits resource for everyone
      - Interference
        
        Keeps others from accessing resource
      - Invasive
        
        Non-Native Competitor
      - Resource
        
        Any measurable factor that can lead to population growth
    - - When two species' population fluctuations are correlated, but not causal to one another
  - - - Benefit for both parties
    - - Helping one organism while receiving no benefit
    - - Organism begins life in a new substrate/habitat
  - - - Place not well suited for growth
    - - Place where a population can grow and exceed normal expectations
  - - - Christ is the key stone which upholds the church
        
        Neglecting to honor the keystone is what leads to the ultimate destruction of false prophets and religions
- - - - Photosynthesis, Water Retention, and Pathogen Defense
    - - Flat and thin for photosynthesis
    - - Gas exchange/Vascular Tissue
    - - Reduces inter-plant shading
      - Many monocots don't have petioles
        
        Sessile leaves lack petioles
    - - The edge of the leaf
  - - - Mid-vein
        
        Can be enveloped by a bundle sheath
      - Lateral Veins #
        
        Can be enveloped by a bundle sheath
    - - Palisade Parenchyma
        
        Photosynthesis
      - Spongy mesophyll
        
        Loosely packed aerenchyma
      - Bottom
      - Top
    - - Falls victim to transpiration
        
        Loss of water due to high surface area
        
        Needs to be relatively waterproof
    - - Transition between stem and lamina
      - Stipules protect the apical meristem
  - - - Form a leaf primordium
        
        Anterior to the meristem
    - - Grows a cylindrical primordium around the meristem
      - Vascular metastasis due to constant growth
    - - Leaf primordium
        
        Anterior to the meristem
  - - - Thick & low surface area
    - - Hard relatively impenatrable
    - - Sclerous and unpalatable
    - - Protect apical meristems from the cold and predators
    - - Extreme sclerotic leaves
        
        Protection over function
    - - Grow forever
      - Can sense water and other surfaces
    - - No palisade or spongy mesophyll
      - Vasculature surrounded by mesophyll cells for gas exchange
      - Bundle sheaths
    - - Digests insects
- - - - From Sexual Reproduction
  - - - Fragmentation
        
        Spreading apart and establishing adventitious roots
    - - Plant Life Cycle
        
        Zygote
        
        Sporophyte
        
        Always Diploid
        
        Gametes
        
        Egg
        
        Mega sized
        
        Sperm
        
        Microsized
        
        Can fuse with each other to form diploid
        
        Syngamy
        
        Spore
        
        Can't Syngamize
        
        Gametophytes
        
        Heteromorphic generation
        
        Two halves of a generation do not resemble from the origin of the gametophyte
      - Fertilization
        
        karyogamy
        
        fusion of the nuclei
        
        plasmogamy
        
        fusion of the protoplasts
        
        Double Fert.
        
        Sperm fuses with egg and polar nuclei
      - Flower Structure
        
        pedicel
        
        Stalk
        
        receptacle
        
        end of the axis
        
        complete flower
        
        Petals
        
        above the sepal
        
        Leaf-like
        
        Sepal
        
        lowermost and outermost
        
        Carpels #
        
        Stigma
        
        Catches Pollen
        
        Style
        
        Moves Stigma
        
        Gynoecium
        
        Greek for Woman
        
        Ovary
        
        Egg Production
        
        Stamen #
        
        androecium
        
        Greek -Man
        
        filament
        
        anther
        
        Pollen
      - Embryo and Seed Development
        
        suspensor
        
        small stalk with true embryo
        
        cotyledons
        
        after the suspensor
        
        epicotyl
        
        embryonic stem
        
        albuminous seed
        
        exalbuminous seed
        
        Radicle
        
        embryonic root
        
        hypocotyl
        
        root/shoot junction
      - Fruit Development
        
        Ovule #
        
        Fruit
        
        Mesocarp
        
        Endocarp
        
        Exocarp
      - Gametophytes
        
        Micro
        
        Vegetative cell
        
        Generative cell
        
        Sperm Cells
        
        Mega
        
        Embryo sac
        
        central cell
        
        polar nuclei
        
        antipodal cells
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Restrains self-pollination
    - - pollen comes from another individual
    - - Another self pollination preventer
        
        crop species
    - - Lack Essential Organs
        
        imperfect flowers and incomplete flowers
      - Dio
        
        Only one or the other
      - Mono
        
        Both Stamenate and carpellate flowers
    - - Coevolution
      - mirror images
      - actinomorphic
      - zygomorphic
        
        Forces pollinators to feed next to pollen
    - - epigynous
      - perigynous
  - - - Attracts pollinators
      - Indeterminate
        
        Depends on the stem
      - Determinate
        
        Limited growth
  - - - True Fruits
        
        Ovarian Tissue Only
        
        aggregate
        
        simple
        
        multiple
    - - dry
        
        Beans
        
        Capsule
        
        Nuts
      - fleshy
        
        Pome
        
        Apple
        
        Hesperdium
        
        Citrus
        
        Berry
        
        Grape
- - - - Make up a species
    - - Total alleles in a population
    - - Accidents
        
        Can wipe out beneficial changes #
      - Artificial Selection
        
        People
      - Mutation
        
        Almost always deleterious but used as the basis of beneficial changes
      - Natural Selection
        
        Only legitimate thing mentioned
        
        Genetic similarity prevents it
        
        Doesn't always take place
    - - Can lead to pleiotropic effects being passed on
  - - - Even if those structures became integral to the function of the organism, they can change and revert back to a less developed state.
  - - - Fills in all the major holes regarding novel forms popping into existence
    - - Reducing agents can create amino acids and other organic compounds
      - Uses Debunked Miller Urey Experiments
    - - Beta radiation
      - Gamma radiation
      - Alpha radiation
      - All of which are able to create O2 by photolysis
    - - Don't form under hydrolytic conditions
    - - Relies on Gradual Spontaneous Generation
        
        It makes total sense if you don't think about it
  - - - Accumulation of changes
      - Seed Dispersal
      - Pollen Transfer
      - Vegetative Propagation
    - - Leaves ancestor generation behind
      - Biological Barriers
        
        Postzygotic
        
        Prezygotic
        
        Hybirid Sterility
      - Abiological Factors
        
        Geographical speciation
- - - - Zone of Elongation
        
        Length/Depth
      - Root Hair Zone
        
        Don't begin until after ZoE due to potential destruction
      - Apical meristem
        
        Growth
      - Lateral Roots
      - Root Cap
        
        Protection
    - - Lateral roots
        
        smaller and more numerable #
      - Tap Root is larger than lateral roots #
        
        developed from the embryonic root
      - Fibrous Root System
        
        Consist of many non-derived roots
        
        those are called adventitious roots
  - - - Differentiation zone for vascular tissues
    - - Root hairs grow
      - Cortex
      - Vascular Bundles
      - Ground Tissue
      - Endoderm
        
        Casparian Strips
        
        Selectively permeable for certain minerals
      - Pericycle
        
        Lateral roots synthesis
    - - Quiescent Center
        
        Reserve healthy cells
      - Normal proliferation
    - - Endodermis
        
        Prevents excess root pressure
    - - Center grow downward while edges grow upward
  - - - destroys cortex and surrounding endoderm in growth
- - - - Group of organisms capable of reproduction
    - - Group of multiple population
    - - Communities and living +non-living environment
    - - The set of conditions an organism's life
  - - - Climate
        
        Tolerance range
      - Latitude and Altitude
      - Soil Factors
        
        Don't affect pioneers
        
        Horizons
        
        B
        
        C
        
        A
      - Disturbances
        
        Natural Disasters
    - - The plant
      - Other plants
        
        #
      - You Vs. The Guy She Said Don't Worry About
      - Non-Plants
        
        Eating each other so plants can eat them
        
        Eating everybody
        
        Pathogens
        
        Parasites
    - - Necessary Conditions that perpetuate a community
  - - - Limiting Factors
        
        Available necessary requirements for a plants survival
      - Clumped
        
        Not equally spaced but averaged out eventually
      - Uniform
        
        equally spaced / non-clumpy
    - - Uses all available resources immediately to guarantee survival
    - - Live longer than most others to use resources when they are available and survival
    - - Division based on age
        
        rule of exponentiation
  - - - Physical size and relation to the environment
      - Is this actually a word?
    - - Temporary changes to an ecosystem that could encourage a new species of plant to settle and germinate
    - - Number and diversity of species that live and coexist in an environment
      - Creates a trophic pyramid #
    - - Secondary Consumers
        
        Small herbivores
      - Primary Consumers
        
        Plants
      - Tertiary Consumers
        
        Larger omni/carni-vores
- - - - elastic but return to shape
      - Dead at maturity #
      - Double cell wall
        
        normally lignified
      - Types
        
        Conducting
        
        Mechanical
        
        Sclereids
        
        Short, Isodiametric
        
        Shells
        
        Fibers
        
        Flexible
        
        Wood
    - - wilting cells
      - need parenchymal tire for support
        
        #
      - variable primary wall thickness
        
        allows for plasticity
    - - Only have cell walls
      - Makes up soft leaves, petals, fruits, and seeds
      - Most common type of plant tissue
      - Parenchyma Subtypes
        
        Glandular Cells
        
        Transfer Cells
        
        Chlorenchyma
      - Normally living at maturity
        
        Stamens die at maturity
  - - - Leaves
        
        Leaf axil
        
        covered in bud scales
    - - Between leaves
      - vines and stolons have long internodes
    - - Arrangement of leaves on the stem
        
        So no inter-plant shading goes on
  - - - Collateral
      - Coagulated in the pith
      - Groups of both vascular tissue types
    - - Phloem
        
        Sieve tube member
        
        Companion cells
      - Xylem
        
        tracheids
        
        Thinner
        
        vessel elements
        
        Thicker
    - - homogenous
      - Interior and composed of photosynthetic cells #
    - - Outermost layer
      - Single parenchymal cell layer
      - Covered in waxy cuticle
- - - - ATP + NADPH + CO2 = Carbohydrate
      - allow for 3-phosphate-glyceraldehyde to be drawn out of the chloroplast
      - RUBISCO
        
        not too ideal but can get the job done
      - mediates C-3 metabolite quantity
      - Not bound in thylakoid membrane
    - - Storage forms depend on time until use
      - builds more complex molecules from 3PG
    - - thylakoids
        
        In Granum clusters
        
        In chloroplasts #
      - ATP and NADPH
      - Light
        
        Pigments can absorb light
        
        dependent on melanin content
        
        chlorophyll a
        
        Red
        
        Blue
        
        Visible light spectrum is small
        
        Electrons
        
        absorption spectrum
        
        strongest absorption
        
        action spectrum
        
        effective
        
        Excitement
        
        Discharge of light when falling
        
        fluorescence
        
        Wave-particle duality
        
        accessory pigments
        
        other colors
        
        Chlorophyll B
    - - phaeophytin contributes to p680
      - plastocyanin donates to reverse the oxidation occurring in P-1
    - - proton gradient drives ATP Synthase
      - non-cyclic electron transport
      - cyclic electron transport doesn't create excess NADPH
  - - - Sunlight reverses entropy locally, but not cosmically
      - Increases constantly
      - Death results in more entropy
    - - Autotrophs #
      - Heterotrophs
    - - substrate-level phosphorilation
      - oxidative phosphorilation
      - guanosine triphosphate
      - Electron Carriers
        
        plastoquinones
        
        plastocyanin
        
        cytochromes
    - - Oxygen
      - electro-negativity
      - more electrons
  - - - quantity
        
        intensity
      - duration
        
        time of exposure
      - quality
        
        color
  - - - light absorption
      - water retention
    - - availability
    - - photo respiration
      - water use efficiency
      - CO2 stored in the leaves
      - O2 kept from RUBSICO
      - PEP carboxylase
    - - Occurs at night in desert plants
      - Water retention
- - - - Fruit increased
      - Seeds decreased
      - Glands and Such
  - - - Require Oxygen for electron acception
      - Citric Acid Cycle
      - More efficient
    - - Erythrose 4
      - Ribose 5
    - - No Oxygen (Fermentation)
        
        Ethanol production #
      - Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhoff) inefficient
    - - Beta Oxidation- Creates 9 acetyl CoA's
    - - Total Yield of Respiration
        
        Aer- 36
        
        Pentose- 0-12
        
        Ana- 4
        
        Rest- None
      - 0-4+ & NAD+---NADH
      - Intermediate compounds are used else where
      - Breaking down complex carbon molecules
      - Produces ATP
    - - Wasteful, Glycolate can't be converted to ATP or NADH
    - - Used to warm animals, comes from the excess energy not stored in ATP
  - - - Whites = no skins
      - sweeter
      - Normally grapes or other fruits
      - Micro-filtering to stop fermentation before dry
      - Resveratrol-wonder chemical
      - Aging is arbitrary in oak barrels
      - Additives for:
        
        sherry port
        
        Madeira
        
        Champagnes
        
        sparkling wine
    - - ey for corn based
      - Distillation for higher ethanol content
      - ie for grain based
      - BAC above 0.4% is normally fatal
      - above 20% alcohol
      - BAC above 0.08% while driving is illegal
    - - Month Fermentation
      - No hops Added
      - Rice Wine
    - - Malt
        
        Mash at 68-73 Degrees C
        
        Wort (Boiled for sanitation)
        
        Yeast added for finish
      - Bitters, Stouts, Ales
        
        Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      - Hops added for bitterness
      - Lager
        
        S. uvarum
      - Ferment cereals
        
        Wheat
        
        Corn
        
        Barley
        
        Rice