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Blood in urine - Coggle Diagram

- - - - glomerular capsule
        
        internal permeable visceral layer
        
        external impermeable parietal layer
        
        capsular space between 2 layers
      - glomerulus
        
        afferent arteriole
        
        efferent arteriole
    - - nephron loop
      - distal convoluted tubule
      - proximal convoluted tubule
  - - - intercalated cells (A & B)
      - principle cells
    - - juxtamedulary
        
        long nephron loops extending deep into medulla
        
        play important role in kidneys’ ability produce concentrated urine
        
        renal corpuscles adjacent to corticomedullary junction
      - cortical
        
        have short nephron loop just penetrating medulla
        
        bulk residing within cortex
        
        oriented with renal corpuscles near peripheral cortex
        
        85% of nephrons
  - - - A chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar (glucose).
      - With type 2 diabetes, the body either doesn't produce enough insulin, or it resists insulin.
      - Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision. In some cases, there may be no symptoms.
    - - Usually hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90, and is considered severe if the pressure is above 180/120.
      - High blood pressure often has no symptoms. Over time, if untreated, it can cause health conditions, such as heart disease and stroke.
      - A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high.
    - - A condition in which bones become weak and brittle.
      - new bone creation doesn't keep up with old bone removal.
      - Many people have no symptoms until they have a bone fracture.
- - - - return of components from within tubular fluid to blood within peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
      - move by diffusion, osmosis, or active transport
      - all vital solutes and most water reabsorbed
      - excess solutes, waste products, some water remaining in tubular fluid
    - - usually by active transport
      - materials moved selectively into tubules to be excreted
      - movement of solutes from blood to tubular fluid
    - - some water and solutes entering capsular space of renal corpuscle; due to pressure differences across the filtration membrane
      - separated fluid termed "filtrate"
      - in glomerular cappilaries
  - - - Two major classes: nutrients and filtered plasma proteins
      - Each nutrient with its own specific transport proteins
      - Nutrients normally completely reabsorbed in PCT
      - Some substances 100% reabsorbed
    - - majority reabsorbed in PCT
      - reabsorption regulated by hormones near end of tubule
      - Aldosterone: steroid hormone produced by adrenal cortex; increase in Na+ reabsorption
      - Atrial natriuretic peptide: hormone released from cardiac muscle cells; inhibits reabsorption of Na+ in PCT and collecting ducts; inhibits release of aldosterone
    - - 80 L filtered daily; all but 1.5 L reabsorbed; 65% reabsorbed in PCT
      - aquaporins here constant = obligatory water reabsorption; aquaporis regulated by ADH at end of tubule
      - Nephron loop = only 10% of filtered water reabsorbed
      - Antidiuretic hormone increases water reabsorption; results in smaller volume of more concentrated urine
    - - 60% to 80% reabsorbed in tubular fluid
      - Net secretion or reabsorption in collecting ducts
      - principal cells secreting K+ at varying rates; based on aldosterone level which stimulates principal cells to secrete K+
    - - Parathyroid hormone regulates excretion of Ca2+' stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption in DCT; Ca 2+ blood levels increased
    - - pH of urine and blood regulated in collecting ducts
        
        if blood is in acidic state
        
        synthesized HCO3- reabsorbed into blood
        
        H+ secreted into filtrate by type A intercalated cells
        
        increase blood pH and decrease urine pH
        
        if blood is in alkaline state
        
        type B intercalated cells active
        
        secrete HCO3- and reabsorb H+
        
        lower blood pH and increase urine pH