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An elderly patient with history of osteoporosis, chronic type II diabetes…
An elderly patient with history of osteoporosis, chronic type II diabetes mellitus, and high blood pressure.
Upstream cause
- Lack of exercise ;leaving sedentary life makes the body inactive , hence the body get difficult during removal of waste from the body, which ends up accumulating causing diseases like hypertension due to clogging of arteries
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- Poor diet. Eating unbalanced diet or just chunk food make the body to lack essential nutrients such as calcium which will make one to have brittle bones due to osteoporosis.
Downstream cause
Effects of DM II on kidney; cause kidney disease a condition known as diabetic nephropathy .This prevent the kidney from doing their job. It can progress into affecting the whole body since kidney are vital organs.
Effects of osteoporosis in kidney; cause kidney disease hence the body cannot keep the level of calcium needed. If calcium is low it will narrow blood vessel.
Effects of blood pressure on the kidney; It narrow, weaken or harden arteries around the kidney hence they are not delivering enough blood to kidney tissue and cannot filter blood well.
Background information
Physiology
3 Bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and controlled
- Urethra; it is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body.
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5.Renal pelvis;functions as a funnel for urine flowing to the ureter. and to make sure there is room for tissue expansion when urine distends the pelvis.
- Kidneys;help to filter blood before sending it back to the heart and also help the body to pass waste as urine.
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Anatomy
- Bladder it is a muscular sac in pelvis, just above and behind the pubic bone in a size and shape of a pear.
- Urethra; it is a hollow tube positioned between the urinary bladder and urinary meatus which take urine stored in the bladder out of the body.
- Ureters are narrow, hollow, muscular tubes approximately nine inches long, that connect the kidneys to the bladder.
- Renal pelvis; it has a folded mucous membrane and covered with transitional epithelium and underlying lamina propria of loose to dense connective tissue.
- Kidneys are two bean - shaped organs to enable it to carry out their function.
Structure of a nephron
- Superficial cortical nephrons, which have their glomeruli in the outer cortex. They have shorter loops of Henle,which dip only into outer medulla
- Juxtamedullary nephrons, which have their glomeruli near the corticomedullary border.Help to produce concentrated urine.
- Filtration, happens in glomerular capillaries in that some water and solutes enter capsular space of renal corpuscle due to pressure difference across filtration membrane.
4.Reabsorption;it is the return of components from within tubular fluid to blood within peritubular capillaries and vasa recta. They move by diffusion, osmosis, or active transport.
- Secretion it is the movements of solutes from blood to tubular fluid usually by active transport. Materials moved selectively into tubules to be excreted.
General information
- DM II/ Diabetes mellitus 2.It is a peripheral Insulin resistance, impaired regulation of hepatic glucose production, and decline of B cell function
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- Osteoporosis; A condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from lose of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.