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2. Phonetics - Coggle Diagram
2. Phonetics
Conventions of phonetic transcription
symbols are enclosed in square brackets: [e]
a (triangular) colon marks a sound as
long
(in English, only for vowels): [i:]
**primary stress is indicated by a raised vertical stroke in front of the stressed syllable ['beisik]
word boundaries and pauses can be indicated: [...|...||...]
neither capitalisation nor punctuation
Priority of spoken language
Biological priority
spoken language is acquired much earlier and faster than written language
Historical Priority
Speech as defining property of humans- writing used only in a fraction of history
functional priority
wider range of communicative functions, additional levels of signalling(intonation,sounds,facial expressions,gestures)
structural priority
writing represents spoken word, based on secondary transfer from phonic to graphic channel
Phonetics definitions
articulatory phonetics
How speakers produce speech sounds
acoustic phonetics
how they are transmitted through the air
auditory phonetics
how listeners perceive and interpret them
How to write sounds
silent letters
(letters that are not pronounced
Missing letter
word contains a sound that is not represented at all in the spelling
transcription
system of graphic symbols to identify speech sounds
/r/
vs
phonetics
what speech sounds are in themselves
phonology
what speech sounds do
universal classes of sounds
vowels
no obstruction, lips open, vocal cords vibrate
description of vowels
quality
height of the tongue(high vs. low)
part of the tongue(front to back)
quantity
short vs. long
distinctive features in the english vowel system
vowel diagram
additional:
lip-rounding
nasality
vowels show characteristic resonance peaks at certain frequencies of their spectrum(formants)
Categories
diphthong
gradual change in quality occurs during articulation of a long vowel
ex
see PIC!!
consonants
total or partial obstruction of the airstream
description of consonants
manners of articulation
what happens when you articulate a sound?
variants
plosive
airflow blocked completely and released in a burst
fricative
airflow forced through a narrow channel
affricate
airflow blocked completely and released as a fricative
nasal
airflow blocket at the velum, escapes through the nose
approximants
airflow shaped by articulators without contact
Increasing sonority
there are degrees of consonantality
Airflow direction
place and articulation
where does the most important thing happen?
vs
fortis
(usually voiceless)
ex
sip
lenis
(usually voiced)
ex
zip
Prounouncing Dictionaries
J. C. Wells Pronunciation Dictionary
IPA(International Phonetic Association)
Phonetic Alphabet
www.ipachart.com