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Infertility Diagnose, Rishikesan A/L Vivekananth D17A0033 - Coggle Diagram
Infertility Diagnose
Bull
Poor semen quality
Causes
- Pyrexia: rise in temperature is
likely to cause a disruption in spermatogenesis
- Anabolic steroids: drugs given to
horses in training; they depress spermatogenesis
- Over use of male
- Nutritional factors
Treatment
- Proper management
- Teasing
- Hormonal treatment: Gonadotrophin
Infections
- Leptospirosis
- Vibriosis
- Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1
- Trichomoniasis
- Taylorella equigenitalis
- Klebsiella pneumonia
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Cow
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Infectious infertility
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Pneumovagina (wind sucking) - a condition common in large animals
- Faulty conformation of the vulva and/or vestibulo-vaginal constriction allows the dam to aspirate air into the vagina.
- Aspiration is persistent and the vagina may be contaminated from the adjacent rectal excretions.
- Aspiration causes desiccation of the vaginal mucosa and predisposes to bacterial infection; this spreads forward to the cervix and uterus and causes a chronic endometritis.
- Recognition of the condition may be easy if the dam makes an obvious noise whilst walking.
- Some dams are insidious windsuckers and may only do so when relaxed or whilst shifting weight from one hind leg to another in a box.
- Diagnosis can therefore be difficult, but the presence of froth (air and mucus) in the vagina is pathognomonic.
- The identification of gas within the uterus (using ultrasound) also indicates vaginal gas has been aspirated into the uterus, i.e. the mare is likely to have abnormal conformation.
- Treatment is by Caslick's vulvoplasty which results in fusion of the dorsal vulval labia, thus reducing the size of the orifice to prevent pneumovagina.
Factors which predispose to pneumovagina
- Negative intravaginal pressure; air can only enter the vagina if pressure there is less than atmospheric.
- Damage to the vestibulo-vaginal junction, usually caused by over stretching; this can allow pneumovagina even though vulval conformation is normal.
- Abnormal vulval conformation; normally the vulva slopes slightly forward and most of the length of its opening is below the level of the floor of the pelvis (ischium).
- Recto-vaginal fistula and perineal laceration
Impaired ability of the uterus to deal with infection
- Some cows are unable to deal with this endometritis after mating and develop a persistent post-coital endometritis which persists and prevents the establishment of pregnancy.
- The cow may conceive, however, pregnancy loss occurs when the conceptus reaches the uterus, or because of uterine prostaglandin production causing lysis of the corpus luteum.
- It was proposed that a local immune deficiency was the cause of this problem. Recently it has been suggested that uterine drainage is more important.
- Uterine drainage may be impaired in several circumstances:
- failure of cervical relaxation associated with cervical fibrosis in older cows
- cervical lesions including adhesions
- impaired uterine contractility, especially in old mares and postpartum
- high intravaginal pressure, such as that which occurs in mares with poor conformation, resulting in breakage of the vulval and vestibulovaginal seals, resulting in pneumovagina.
- Accurate diagnosis of post-coital endometritis requires:
- Ultrasonographic examination of the uterus 24 hours after mating. The presence of luminal fluid at this time should be considered to be highly suspect.
- Collection of post-coital uterine swabs for bacteriological or cytological investigation.
- Careful clinical examination of the mare for the presence of any vulval (cervical) discharge)
- Careful monitoring of the interval to the next oestrus since endometritis causes a shortening of the luteal phase and often a shortening of the total cycle.
Pyometra
- This term is usually reserved for situations where chronically accumulated pus causes marked uterine distention; however, ultrasound examination can identify small pockets of pus which can confuse the definition.
- The development of pyometra usually requires two lesions:
- endometritis
- cervical abnormality (fibrosis or adhesions) which prevents
drainage; however, some cases of pyometra associated with a normal cervix have been described.
- Diagnosis of pyometra:
- Rectal palpation of a large, thick walled, distended uterus; this can be difficult to differentiate from pregnancy without the use of ultrasound.
- Ultrasound examination will reveal a fluid filled uterus in the
absence of a fetus. The uterine
fluid may be anechoic, or may have fine moderately echogenic
particles, or large particles representing debris, The
echogenicity of the fluid has little significance or relationship to
the nature of the fluid.
- Treatment is difficult but mainly relies on:
- Induction of luteolysis with prostaglandin; this may cause sufficient cervical relaxation to allow some drainage to occur.
- Attempting to catheterise the stenosed cervix and drainage of the uterus, by suction or siphonage.
- Lavage of the uterus with large volumes of physiological saline at body temperature.
- Three or four daily treatments (drainage and antibiotics) may be necessary, between each of which the uterus will involute further. Antibiotic treatment of the uterus should be carried out for 5 days after
complete drainage.
- Induce luteolysis as soon as possible after the next ovulation.
- Attempts may be made to resolve cervical lesions, but
most dams with pyometra have very poor breeding prospects
and the condition often recurs if the dam is mated again.
Infection by:
- Brucellosis
- Leptospirosis
- Trichomonasis
- Vibriosis
- Herpes Virus
- Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus
- Fungal infection
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