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elderly female, history of osteoperosis, chronic type 2 DM, hypertension.…

- - - - bladder
        
        urethra
        
        urethra sphincter
- - - - bladder is a muscular sac that stores urine,allowing urination to be infrequent & controlled
        
        urethra is a duct that carries urine from bladder to exterior opening during urination
        
        urethra sphincter is a muscular structure that helps keep urine in bladder
- - - - efferent arteriole
        
        vasa recta
  - - - descending limb
        
        loop of henle
        
        ascending limb
        
        distal convoluted tubule
        
        collecting duct
- - - - tubular secretion : movement of solutes from blood to tubular fluid
        
        usually by active transport
        
        materials moved selectively into tubules to be excreted
      - move by diffusion, osmosis, or active transport
        
        all vital solutes and most water reabsorbed
        
        excess solutes, waste products, some water remaining in tubular fluid
    - - due to pressure differences across filtration membrane
        
        separated fluid termed filtrate
- - - - can lead to severe health complications, increase risk of heart disease, stroke, and sometimes death
        
        similar causes as DM 2
        
        usually can be adjusted to less extremes by changing health lifestyle for the better permanently
        
        examples include exercising more, eating better, losing the extra weight, taking proper prescribed medication
    - - no cure for this
        
        develops when body becomes resistant to insulin, or pancreas unable to produce enough insulin
        
        caused by unhealthy eating, being obese, genetics, inactivity, environmental factors
  - - - caused by lack of certain hormones
        
        estrogen in women, androgen in men