elderly female, history of osteoperosis, chronic type 2 DM, hypertension. blood in urine. focus on function of kidneys.
general anatomy of urinary system
kidneys
ureter
bladder
urethra
general function of urinary system
kidneys make urine by filtering waste and extra water from blood
ureters carry urine from kidneys to bladder
bladder is a muscular sac that stores urine,allowing urination to be infrequent & controlled
urethra is a duct that carries urine from bladder to exterior opening during urination
urethra sphincter
urethra sphincter is a muscular structure that helps keep urine in bladder
structure of a nephron
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
vasa recta
bowman's capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
descending limb
loop of henle
ascending limb
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
urine formation
Filtration : glomerular capillaries
tubular re-absorption : within peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
tubular secretion : movement of solutes from blood to tubular fluid
move by diffusion, osmosis, or active transport
all vital solutes and most water reabsorbed
excess solutes, waste products, some water remaining in tubular fluid
usually by active transport
materials moved selectively into tubules to be excreted
some water and solutes entering capsular space of renal corpuscle
due to pressure differences across filtration membrane
separated fluid termed filtrate
osteoporosis : porous bone
diabetes mellitus 2
hypertension : high blood pressure
disease , density and quality of bone reduced
risk of fracture greatly increases
caused by lack of certain hormones
estrogen in women, androgen in men
chronic disease from high levels of blood sugar
no cure for this
develops when body becomes resistant to insulin, or pancreas unable to produce enough insulin
caused by unhealthy eating, being obese, genetics, inactivity, environmental factors
can lead to severe health complications, increase risk of heart disease, stroke, and sometimes death
similar causes as DM 2
usually can be adjusted to less extremes by changing health lifestyle for the better permanently
examples include exercising more, eating better, losing the extra weight, taking proper prescribed medication
osteoporosis affects the renal function of the kidneys
Diabetes can harm kidneys by causing damage to blood vessels inside kidneys
hypertension can cause arteries to weaken or harden over time. results in damage
blood in urine
hematuria : blood cells leaking into urine
can be caused by UTI, and other bacteria that can enter the body through urethra
if left untreated, can lead to kidney failure
kidney failure means that the body will fill with extra water and waste
most likely will be on dialysis, and live a compromised lifestyle to extend lifespan
hypertension causes an increase in pressure making the kidneys work harder
damaged arteries are unable to deliver enough blood to kidney tissue
From diabetes, the arteries become narrow and clogged due to increased sugar levels
osteoporosis can lead to renal failure
greatly diminishes renal functions , and affects glomerulus or small blood vessels
once destroyed, no longer will function , calls for dialysis
kidneys are now working too hard
condition can be chronic due to blood leaking into her urine
compromised bone bass , diminished from osteoporosis