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cell structure & division - Coggle Diagram
cell structure & division
eukaryotic cells
animal cells
structure
organelles :
cell membrane = regulates movement of substances into and out the cell
nucleus = controls the cells activities contains DNA, that contains protein making instructions. pores allow substances to move through nucleus and cytoplasm. makes ribosomes
mitochondrion = site if anaerobic respiration. produces ATP (energy supplier of the cell
golgi apparatus = processes and packages new lipids and proteins. makes lysosomes
golgi vesicle= stores proteins and lipids made by the golgi apparatus and transports them out the cell
lysosomes = contains the digestive enzyme lysozymes. used to digest invading cells
ribosome = where proteins are made
RER = folds and processes proteins made in the ribosomes
SER = synthesises and processes lipids
replication
mitiosis
the cell cycle
mitosis = the cycle starts and ends here
G1 = cells grow and new organelles and proteins are made
S (synthesis) = cell replicates its DNA ready to divide by mitosis
G2 = cell keeps growing and proteins needed for cell division are made.
mitosis
PMAT
prophase = chromosomes condense (getting shorter and fatter) centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell
metaphase = chromosomes (each with 2 chromatids) line up along the middle of the cell and become attached to the spindle by their centronomes
Anaphase = the centronomes divide, separating each pair of sister chromatids. spindles pull them to opposite poles
telophase = chromatids uncoil and become long and thin (now chromosomes) a nuclear envelope formas around each group of chromosomes so there are now two nuclei. the cytoplasm divides by
cytokynesis
and now there are two identical daughter cells
plant cells
organelles:
*plant cells contain all the same organelles as animal cells plus:
chloroplasts = where photosynthesis takes place (some happens in the granum some in the stroma)
cell wall = supports cell and prevents shape change
cell vacuole = helps maintain pressure inside the cell and keeps the cell rigid.
replication
prokaryotic cells
bacteria
structure
organelles:
*all bacterial organelles are non-membrane bound
cytoplasm = contains ribosomes
cell membrane = controls what goes into and out of the cell
cell wall = supports the cell and prevents shape change (made of glycoprotein murien)
capsule of secreted slime = protects from attack by immune system cells
plasmids = small loops of DNA that aren't part of of the main DNA
free floating DNA = does not have a nucleus but DNA floats as a coiled-up strand freely in the cytoplasm. (not attached to any histone proteins)
flagellum = hair-like structure that rotates to make the cell move. (only some have flagellum)
replication
binary fission:
DNA and plasmids replicate (DNA is only once, but plasmids can be many times
Cell gets larger and the DNA moves to opposite poles of the cell
3, cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls begin to form .
cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced. each daughter cell has one copy of circular DNA but can have a variable number of plasmids.
viruses
structure
organelles:
caspid = protein coat
core of genetic material = either DNA or RNA
attachment proteins
replication
viral replication:
*viruses inject their DNA or RNA into host cells,
virus attaches to host cell receptor proteins
genetic material is released into the host cell
genetic material and proteins are replicated by host cell
viral components assemble
replicated viruses released from host cell
