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Married couple comes in to ask advice on contraceptive strategies. Worried…

- - - - Ductus (vas) Deferens
      - Urethra
      - Ejaculatory duct
      - Epididymis
    - - Prostate
      - Bulbo-urethral gland
      - Seminal Gland (vesicle)
    - - Anus
    - - Produce sperm and male sex hormones
    - - Glans Penis
      - Prepuse (foreskin)
      - Corpus Sponginosum
      - External Urethral Orifice
      - Corpus Cavernosum
    - - Ureter
      - Peritoneum
    - - Essential organs of reproduction system
    - - a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote
  - - - Infundibulum
      - Fimbriae
    - - Permetrium
      - Cervix
    - - External Urethral Orfice
        
        Serves as the outlet for the urinary system.
      - Greater Vestibular Gland
        
        Pea-sized mucus-secreting glands located on either side of the hymen. They lubricate the distal end of the vagina during coitus.
      - Clitoris
        
        Small mass of erectile tissue located where the labia minora meet anteriorly
      - Labium Minus
        
        Two smaller folds located medial to the labia majora
      - Mons Pubis
        
        Rounded fatty eminence that cushions the pubic symphysis; covered with coarse pubic hair
      - Labium Majus
        
        Two elongated hair-covered skin folds that extend from the mons pubis
    - - Anus
    - - Anterior Fornix
      - Lumen of Vagina
      - Posterior Fornix
    - - Secure the inferior uterus to the sacrum posteriorly
    - - A lateral continuation of the broad ligament that attaches the ovaries to the lateral pelvic wall
  - - - Function: Produce sperm, and testosterone
    - - Function: sac that holds testes, found outside the body
    - - Function: Place in which sperm mature and become motile. Coiled tubule lying just outside of each teste.
    - - Function: Carries sperm from epididymis eventually to urethra.
      - Prevents sperm and urine from being in the urethra at the same time.
    - - Function: Tube that carries urine and semen.
    - - Function: A mucus-like fluid containing fructose (for sperm nutrition) and prostaglandins to semen or seminal fluid. Found at base of bladder
    - - Are hormones that have an effect on a localized area of the body.
      - Trigger a response (muscle contractions) in female reproductive tract that aids in sperm motility.
    - - Receives seminal Fluid and prostate secretion, is joined with vas deferens.
    - - Function: Secretes a buffer (alkaline) that protects sperm in the acidic enviroment of the vagina.
    - - Function: Produces a secretion that protects sperm from any urine found in the urethra. Found below prostate gland
    - - Function: PRODUCTION of SPERM, located in the testes. Are tubes lined with SPERMATOGONIA ( Cells that produce sperm.)
    - - Function: Penetrate and deposit sperm into female reproductive tract.
    - - Function: Aid in entry to female reproductive tract. Its the enlarged tip of penis covered by foreskin (Meatus)
  - - - Mucus membrane which is part of the lining of the uterus
    - - Egg ripens in one ovary, is released (let go) into the fallopian tube.
    - - Female sexual organ with many nerve endings that make it sensitive to stimulation.
    - - Monthly reproductive cycle controlled by hormones (chemical messengers).
    - - folds of skin covered in pubic hair that cover the rest of the vulva.
    - - When female egg combines with a male sperm to produce an embryo
    - - Outside part of female reproductive system & is made of the following parts: inner & outer labia, clitoris, urethral opening & vaginal opening.
    - - Area around the nipple.
    - - Sits between the cervix & the vulva. It has the mucus membranes which lubricate allow for strectching during intercourse (sex) and childbirth.
    - - Flexible, cord-like structure attached to a baby's navel which connects it to the mother that gives the baby blood & takes away waste
    - - Opening of the uterus that allows menstrual blood, sperm and babies to go through. Expands(widens) & contracts (narrows) during childbirth.
    - - Organ in the uterus that joins a mother to the unborn baby & through it the baby receives nourishment.
    - - Place where the fertilized egg grows into a baby
    - - Sac filled with clear liquid which surrounds & protects baby
    - - Organ which produces hormones (chemical messages) that control the female reproductive system.
    - - Physical effort of childbirth
    - - Small round object which carries the germ of life.
    - - Pain associated with childbirth.
    - - Set of 2 tubes on either side of ovaries through which eggs pass from ovaries into the uterus.
  - - - Ovarian cycle = cycle of egg maturation
      - 28-day cycle
      - During cycle, the most mature follicle (Graffian follicle) releases oocyte (egg) when LH levels surge
      - Two Phases
        
        Follicular phase (Days 1-14)
        
        Luteal Phase (Days 15-28)
      - Follicular Phase
        
        Days 1-14
        
        Estrogen + progesterone levels are low
        GnRH (from hypothalmus) stimulates release of FSH + LH (from anterior pituitary)
        
        FSH + LH stimulate development of ovarian follicles
        
        Developing follicles secrete estrogen
        
        Initially: low estrogen levels inhibit further FSH + LH release (negative feedback)
        
        Later in development: high estrogen levels stimulate FSH + LH release (positive feedback)
        "LH Surge" causes ovulation of egg from Graffian follicle on Day 14
      - Luteal Pahse
        
        Days 15-28
        
        Corpus luteum forms (due to high LH) & functions as an endocrine gland => secretes estrogen + progesterone
        
        => No further follicle development
        
        => If egg not fertilized, corpus luteum starts to degenerate (because of low LH)
        
        Estrogen + progesterone feedback and cause FSH + LH levels to fall
    - - Within the uterus, conditions change according to secretions of sex hormones from the ovary. While the ovary is involved with egg production, the uterus prepares for the egg's arrival.
        
        The endometrial wall goes through three distinct phases, each corresponding to events within the ovary. Note that the number of days given are averages. The actual length of a cycle varies from woman to woman.
    - - Days 1 through 5
      - wall developed in previous cycle is sloughed off if no fertilized egg is present; should there be a fertilized egg, then the uterine cycle ceases as the embryo develops; this, too, is under hormonal control
    - - Days 6 to 13
      - endometrial wall thickens as it develops new tissue and blood vessels
      - ends with ovulation, day 14-for an embryo to develop, the egg must be fertilized within a couple of days of ovulation
    - - Days 15-28
      - secretes mucous, which accumulates in strands inside the uterus; these provide a pathway for sperm that must swim through the uterus and into the fallopian tubes to meet with the egg. Later the mucous traps the fertilized egg, which eventually embeds into the uterine wall. If the egg is not fertilized, it degenerates.
      - without a fertilized egg, the endometrium begins to degenerate and the cycle begins at day one again.
  - - - Abstinence
        
        restraint is the practice of refraining from some or all aspects of sexual activity for medical, psychological, legal, social, financial, philosophical, moral, or religious reasons
      - Condom
        
        thin sheath placed over the erect penis. When left in place during sexual intercourse, oral sex or anal sex, male condoms are an effective way to protect yourself and your partner from sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
      - Vasectomy
        
        the surgical cutting and sealing of part of each vas deferens, typically as a means of sterilization.
      - Coitus Interruptus
        
        sexual intercourse in which the penis is withdrawn before ejaculation.
    - - Combination
        
        Patch
        
        is a method of hormonal contraception. It's a small, square patch that looks like a plastic bandage. It sticks to your skin and gradually releases hormones into your body to prevent pregnancy.
        
        Injection
        
        Depo-Provera, is a hormonal injection that prevents unplanned pregnancy for three months at a time. The hormone in this shot is progestin.
        
        Birth Control Pill
        
        a contraceptive pill.
        
        Vaginal Ring
        
        (also known as intravaginal rings, or V-Rings) are polymeric drug delivery devices designed to provide controlled release of drugs for intravaginal administration over extended periods of time.
      - Abstinence
        
        restraint is the practice of refraining from some or all aspects of sexual activity for medical, psychological, legal, social, financial, philosophical, moral, or religious reasons
      - Female Condom
        
        a contraceptive device made of thin rubber, inserted into a woman's vagina before sexual intercourse.
      - Tubal Ligation
        
        a surgical procedure for female sterilization which involves severing and tying the fallopian tubes
      - Spermicides
        
        a substance that kills spermatozoa, used as a contraceptive
        
        Diaphragm
        
        dual mechanism to prevent a pregnancy. A dome-shaped rubber disk with a flexible rim covers the cervix so sperm cannot reach the uterus and a spermicide applied within the diaphragm before insertion kills sperm.
        
        Cervical Cap
        
        device that prevents sperm from entering the uterus.
        
        Vaginal Pouch
        
        A silicon ring impregnated with a drug (e.g., estrogen) designed for sustained release
        
        Progestin Only (Implant or Injection)
        
        a natural or synthetic steroid hormone, such as progesterone, that maintains pregnancy and prevents further ovulation during pregnancy.
      - Morning After Pill
        
        a contraceptive pill that is effective up to about seventy-two hours after intercourse.
      - IUD
        
        a contraceptive device fitted inside the uterus and physically preventing the implantation of fertilized ova.
  - - - the nervous system in relation to reproductive system
        
        reproductive hormones affect brain development and sexual behavior
        
        the brain controls mating behavior
    - - Female reproductive system
        
        The female body maintains homeostasis by regulating vagina Ph
      - Male reproductive system
        
        Maintains homeostasis by regulating overall temperature of the testies
    - - The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in the regulation of both energy balance and reproduction, and contains a number of neuropeptides,
        
        These neuropeptides are involved in the control of energy balance and reproduction either directly or indirectly.
- - - - easier and fast procedure compare to getting women sterilized
- - - - easy to put in or take out, accessibility obtainable for everyone
- - - - this prevents sperm from getting inside
- - - - There is a lot of side effects and is not good for everyone
        
        combination of estrogen and progesterone to stop the ovulation process
  - - - The last form of birth control after unprotected sex
  - - - this is not a recommended use because there is still the chance of pregnancy and STi/STD