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ASUB World History Before 1660 - Eddie Supratman - Chapter 17 PPT - Coggle…
ASUB World History Before 1660 - Eddie Supratman - Chapter 17 PPT
The Toltecs and the Mexica
Toltecs
Small region states of the central Mexican valley
Teotihuacan collapsed to religious and cultural influence
Lots of gore, blood, carnage, etc.
Toltecs, with the extreme violence and all, migrate from northwest Mexico to Tula (near Mexico City)
Golden age: 950-1150 AD
60 000 souls in the the city and 60 000 souls around it
Conquer surrounding tribes
Internal strife and nomads (no surprise) destroy the place around 1175 AD
Mexica
Migrant group mid-1 200s AD
Pleasant tradition of kidnapping women and taking farms
Tenochtitlan
settled about 1375 (Mexico City origin)
Dredged lake bed soil makes fertile farm plots
Chinampas
could make 7 crops a year
Aztecs
15th century Mexica make tributary empire
(1428-1440) Itzcóatl
(1440-1469) Motecuzoma I
Grouped up with the Texcoco and Tlacopan to create the Aztec empire
Alliance forged to secure tribute from subjects
Mexica Society
Social Structure
Hierarchical
Warriors high up on ladder
Most come from the nobles
Given land grants, sumptuary privileges, and food privileges
Personal adornment
Women
Patriarchy
Child bearers
Mothering soldiers praised
Priests
Maintained the calenders
Performed rituals
Told fortunes and advised leaders
Sometimes became leaders
Farmers and slaves
Started off kin based
Managed community lands
Forced to work on aristocrat's lands
Slaves were debtors
Artisans and merchants
Artisans had prestige
Merchants were wealthy but not well liked
Mexica Religion
Pantheon
Tezcatlipoca: the Smoking Mirror
Life and death
God of warriors
Quetzalcoatl: the Feathered Serpent
arts, crafts, agriculture
Personal rituals, penis and earlobe piercing
Ritual Bloodletting
Huitzilopotchli
Popular in 14th century; Mexic's patron
Liked blood sacrifices
Human sacrifice grew
Mexica criminals and POWs were the victims
People of the
Pueblo and Navajo
American Southwest
Ate 80% maize
By 700 AD, made 125 permanent stone or adobe homes
Iroquois
Villages east of the Mississippi
Mound-builders
Ceremonial platforms, homes, burial grounds
900-1250 AD Cahokia built large mound neat St. Louis
Trade
No written documents on the
Archaeological evidence of widespread trade
Used river routes
States and Empires in South America
General
16th century AD Spaniards make first written documents
Mesoamericans texts 5th century AD onwards
1 000 BC Andean Society
1000 - 1500 AD first cities
The Inca
Started Cuzco valley
Refers to the Inca Quechua language speaking people and their subjects.
Mid 12000s Settled around lake Titicaca
r. 1438-1471 Pachacuti expands empire
11.5 million subjects
Modern Peru, parts if Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina
Ruled as the military and administrative elite
Quipu and Inca administration
Bureaucrats
Quipu
: mnemonic aid of cords and knots that replaced writing
Cuzco
Inca capital
habitants: priests, nobles, hostages
Gold faced buildings
Inca Roads
Massive road-building system
Two major north-south roads about 10 000 miles
mountain
coastal
courier and mail
centralization
Inca Society and Religion
Trade
Small class of artisans and merchants
Centrally governed
Elites
Main classes
rulers
God-king descended from the Sun
aristrocrats
Earlobe spools and special priviledges
priests
Ascetic and celibate
peasant cultivators
Organized into
ayllu
communities
communal land and tool ownership
Mandatory work for aristrocrats
Public works
Rulers
Gods
Inti the sun
Viracocha the creator
temples and holy sites
Sacrifices plants and animals, not people
Moral thought
Sin was disruption of moral order
Australia
Aboriginals
Nomadism and Interaction
Small scale food and goods trade
Pearly oyster shells, spears, and boomerangs
Religion and Culture
Local focus
Pacific
Inter Island Trade
Central and western Pacific mariners linked cultures
Regional trade helped culture, politics, and economy
Voyagers
Happened often
Spread sweet potatoes from South America
Oral tradition preserved voyages
Population Growth
Farming
Fishing
Fish ponds that let small fish through and trapped larger fish
Population density damaged society and economy
fighting and cannibalism
Nan Madol
Massive stone palace and administration center
Social Distinction
High chiefs, lesser chiefs, commoners, artisans, peasants
Chiefly states
Tiny trans-island empires
Grew nineteenth century
controlled land distribution, labor, and military concription
Religion
priests intermediaries to divine
Farm and war gods most prominent
Temple precinct:
marae
or
heiau