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Ch 9: Flowers and Reproduction, together makes perianth - Coggle Diagram
Ch 9: Flowers and Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Angiosperms
numerous methods asexual reproduction
fragmentation
most common
large spreading/vining plant
grow several meters
individual parts become self-sufficient
establishing adventitious roots
if middle portion dies
ends become separate
acts as individuals
modifications improve efficiency
cacti
branches poorly attached to trunk
plant breaks easily
parts form roots
become independent
saxifrage, grass, pineapple
plantlets form where flowers are
small bulbs (bulbils)
willows, thistles
adventitious buds may grow out
parent plant still alive
small cluster of trees
single individuals
grove of aspens
Sexual Reproduction
The Plant Life Cycle
mammals/humans
gametes
haploid sex cells
sperms/eggs
males produce sperm
females produce eggs
one sperm&egg brought together
forms new diploid cell
fertilized egg
zygote
grows become new individual
is diploid
resembles parents
produce by meiosis
diploids' sex organs produce
plants
trees, shrubs, herbs
one phase of plant life cycle
sporophyte phase/generation
sporophytes always diploid
have organs with cells
capable undergoing meiosis
results in haploid spores
cannot undergo syngamy/fertilization
undergoes mitosis
grows into new haploid plant
gametophyte
3 more items...
during sexual reproduction
does not produce new diploid plant
produces haploid plant
vascular plants
gameteophyte does not resemble diploid sporophyte
tiny mass of cells
2 more items...
oogamy
"male"/microgametophytes
1 more item...
"females"/megagameteophytes
1 more item...
Flower Structure
stem w/leaf-like structures
pedicel
flower stalk
receptacle
other flower parts attach
sepals, petals, stamens, carpels
complete flowers
only have some structures
incomplete flowers
sepals
lowermost/outermost floral appendages
modified leaves
surround/enclose other flower parts
thickest, toughest, waxiest
protect flower bud
bacterial/fungal spores
maintains high humidity
deters insect feeding
nectar robbing insects/birds
together called calyx
petals
#
together make up corolla
differ from leaves
contain pigment
fewer or no fibers
tend to be thinner
more delicately constructed
are also "leaf-like"
broad, flat, thin
are important
attract correct pollinators
plant species has distinctive features
size, shape, color
arrangement of petals
allows pollinators to recognize specific species
attracting pollinators
Stamen
above the petals
collectively known as androecium
referred to as "male" parts
produce pollen
technically not male
have two parts
anther
pollen is actually produced
part of the sportophyte
composed of diploid cells
each anther
1 more item...
neighboring anther cells
tapetum
2 more items...
filament
Carpels
consitute the gynoecium
located at highest level on receptacle
3 main parts
ovary where megaspores are produced
style elevates stigma
stigma catches pollen grain
flowers can have 0 to many
usually are fused together
called pistil
never become woody
secondary growth does not occur
Gametophytes
Microgametophytes
very small and simple
consists of at most 3 cells
located within pollen wall
Fertilization
Inflorescences and Pollination
Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination
Cross Pollination
pollination of carpel by pollen
from different individual
self pollination
pollination of carpel by pollen
from same flower or another flower on same plant
same result as asexual reproduction
no possibilities of bringing new alleles
sperm/egg cells from diff. plants unite
results in new combinations of genes
few may be adapted to either parent
Stamen and Style Maturation Times
Stigma and Pollen Incomapatibility
Monoecious and Dioecious Species
Fruit types and Seed Dispersal
True Fruits and Accessory Fruits
Classification of Fruit Types
together makes perianth