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Population Policy - Coggle Diagram
Population Policy
Why are population policies necessary?
Children, Families, and Communities
"The Tragedy of the Commons" 1973
- underscores the tension between personal rights and collective welfare.
Commons
refers to any resource, such as a sheep pasture, shared by a group of people
Optimum Population Size
- this concept underscores the importance of carrying capacity, the understanding that in any given nation/community the available case of renewable and nonrenewable resources can sustain a definite # of people, & no more
Sustainable Population Size
- the # of people that can be supported by a given resource base, over successive generations, in a manner that is acceptable in terms of community standards
The Legal Dimension: Policy Implementation & Fertility Determinants
Implementation
- the 3rd and most difficult stage of the policy-formulation process, during which plans are put into effect
Postpartum Abstinence
- avoidance of intercourse following delivery of a child (Davis and Black)
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
- the branch of the Federal Government responsible, through its Office of Population, for family-planning programs abroad
How Population Policies are Made
Stages of the Policy Process- the 1st,
agenda setting
, stage is perhaps the most important in the life of policy
The Case of Zambia
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
- organizations now play a major role in population policy formation
United Nation's Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA)
- the UN agency responsible for family-planning programs
International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF)
- a well established NGO that promotes family planning worldwide
Evaluating Population Policies
Evaluation research or
Program evaluation
- uses scientific techniques typically based on the experimental model to access the implementation & outcomes of policy-driven programs
Process evaluation
- is concerned with activities & procedures associated with implementing a policy
Efficiency evaluation
- most widely employed of the 3 types. Used to investigate how well the allocated resources have been expended to achieve expected program outcomes
Impact evaluation
- seeks to access the changes that result from policies, quantitatively & in terms of direction. It assumes that the program activities specified in a policy will cause observable changes in the target population
Quasi-experimental designs
are similar to the experimental method, except that the experimenter does not have complete control over all the factors that influence the outcome
The Role of Values in Population Policy
Family-Planning Programs
- center on the issue of governmental control
Dr. Ravenholt's (Public-health physician) goal was to provide voluntary sterilization to at least 25% of the world's fertile women
Angela Davis- "birth control-individual choice, safe contraceptive methods, as well as abortion when necessary-is a fundamental prerequisite for the emancipation of women"
