Chronic Kidney Disease

causes

general manifestations

Diabetes

Hypertension

Kidney Diseases

Recurrent Glomerulonephritis

Recurrent Pyelonephritis

Prolonged Obstruction

Recurrent Interstitial Nephritis

altered physiology

altered electrolyte balance

altered hormone release

reduced erythropoietin

altered acid-base balance

hyperkalemia

hyperphosphatemia

altered waste elimination

uremia

acidosis

fluid retention

stages

1

2

3

4

5

damage to kidney structures

damage to kidney vasculature

damage to kidney vasculature/structures

reduced Vitamin D

Cardiovascular

hypocalcemia

Endocrine

Skeletal

Skin/GI/Neurologic/Sexual

fluid retention

GFR > 90 mL/min/1.73m2

Mild Kidney Damge

Kidney Damage

GFR 60-89 mL/min/1.73m2

Moderate Kidney Damage

GFR 30-29 mL/min/1.73m2

Severe Kidney Damage

GFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73m2

Kidney Failure

GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73m2

usually asymptomatic early on

Treatment Options

Lifestyle changes

Pharmacologic

Invasive

dietary modifications

exercise

smoking cessation

blood sugar control

low fat, low sugar, low sodium

Dialysis

Kidney Transplant

anti-hypertensive

supplementation

diuretics

erythropoietin supplements

vitamin-D supplements

aid in waste elimination

beta-blockers

ACE inhibitors

anti-inflammatory

treat recurrent kidney infections

chest pain

dry skin/itching

muscle cramps

nausea/vomiting

shortness of breath

sleep disturbances

weight loss

edema

altered RAAS function

hypertension