Chronic Kidney Disease
causes
general manifestations
Diabetes
Hypertension
Kidney Diseases
Recurrent Glomerulonephritis
Recurrent Pyelonephritis
Prolonged Obstruction
Recurrent Interstitial Nephritis
altered physiology
altered electrolyte balance
altered hormone release
reduced erythropoietin
altered acid-base balance
hyperkalemia
hyperphosphatemia
altered waste elimination
uremia
acidosis
fluid retention
stages
1
2
3
4
5
damage to kidney structures
damage to kidney vasculature
damage to kidney vasculature/structures
reduced Vitamin D
Cardiovascular
hypocalcemia
Endocrine
Skeletal
Skin/GI/Neurologic/Sexual
fluid retention
GFR > 90 mL/min/1.73m2
Mild Kidney Damge
Kidney Damage
GFR 60-89 mL/min/1.73m2
Moderate Kidney Damage
GFR 30-29 mL/min/1.73m2
Severe Kidney Damage
GFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73m2
Kidney Failure
GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73m2
usually asymptomatic early on
Treatment Options
Lifestyle changes
Pharmacologic
Invasive
dietary modifications
exercise
smoking cessation
blood sugar control
low fat, low sugar, low sodium
Dialysis
Kidney Transplant
anti-hypertensive
supplementation
diuretics
erythropoietin supplements
vitamin-D supplements
aid in waste elimination
beta-blockers
ACE inhibitors
anti-inflammatory
treat recurrent kidney infections
chest pain
dry skin/itching
muscle cramps
nausea/vomiting
shortness of breath
sleep disturbances
weight loss
edema
altered RAAS function
hypertension