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Biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Stomach
        
        Food is mixed through churning and begins the digestion process
      - Large & Small Intestine
        
        Small Intestine
        
        Comprised of 3 parts: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
        
        Useful and usable nutrients are absorbed from digested food via microvilli
        
        Microvilli are small hair-like projections which increase the surface are of the small intestine, thus allowing absorption of more nutrients.
        
        Large Intestine
        
        Consists of ascending, descending, transverse and sigmoid colon as well as the rectum
        
        Final organ of the alimentary canal, absorbs minerals and water
      - Oesophagus
        
        Food and saliva is moved via peristalsis from the oral cavity to the stomach
    - - Pancreas
        
        Produces a variety of enzymes that aid in digestion
        
        Produces the following enzymes: Pancreatic Protease (Aids digestion of proetin), Pancreatic Amylase (Aids digestion of carbohydrates), Pancreatic Lipase (Aids digestion of fats)
      - Liver
        
        Takes what was absorbed from small intestine to create key chemicals.
        
        Purposes: Detoxification, Storage, Metabolism, Bile Production and Hemoglobin Breakdown
      - Salivary Glands
        
        Moistens food and begins digestion process of starches through saliva
      - Gallbladder
        
        Stores bile produced by the liver which is used to emulsify fats. This bile from the gallbladder is released into the small intestine when needed.
    - - Mechanical digestion is physically breaking food down into smaller pieces.
      - Chemical digestion is breaking down food into simple nutrients which can actually be utilised by cells.
  - - - Ventilation;The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs – achieved by the physical act of breathing
        
        Body tissues require oxygen for aerobic respiration, producing carbon dioxide as a waste product. The respiratory system meets those needs by providing the oxygen by replacing the carbon dioxide.
      - Cell Respiration; The release of energy (ATP) from organic molecules.
    - - Lung
      - Alveolus
      - Bronchiole
      - Diaphragm
      - Bronchus
      - Trachea
    - - Diaphragm Contracts → flatten → increase volume of
        thoracic cavity
      - External Intercostals Contract → pulls rib
        upwards and outwards (expand chest)
    - - Abdominal muscles Contracts → push diaphragm
        upwards (force exhalation)
      - Internal intercostals Contract → pulls rib
        inwards and downwards (reducing breadth of chest)
      - Diaphragm → relax
    - - Glycolysis; the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvate (oxygen not needed)
        
        Input: Glucose
        Output: 2 ATP + 2 pyruvate
        
        Pyruvate; Broken down glucose
      - Anaerobic Respiration - no oxygen
      - Aerobic Respiration - Oxygen present
- - - - Photosynthesis is controlled by enzymes, which are sensitive to temperature fluctuations
      - As temperature increases reaction rate will increase, as reactants have greater kinetic energy and more collisions result
      - Above a certain temperature the rate of photosynthesis will decrease as essential enzymes begin to denature
    - - Light is absorbed by chlorophyll, which convert the radiant energy into chemical energy (ATP)
      - As light intensity increases reaction rate will increase, as more chlorophyll are being photo-activated
      - At a certain light intensity photosynthetic rate will plateau, as all available chlorophyll are saturated with light
      - Different wavelengths of light will have different effects on the rate of photosynthesis (e.g. green light is reflected)