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Flowers and Reproduction - Coggle Diagram
Flowers and Reproduction
Types of Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Produces identical offspring
Pros
Isolated individuals can reproduce
Adapted as much as parent
Rapid colonization possible
Do not need partner
Cons
Changes affect whole population
Accidents kill all individuals
No new genes
Don't become better adapted
Sexual reproduction
Caused by cross pollination
Genetically different offspring
Pros
Some offspring more adapted
Accidents don't kill all individuals
Genetic diversity
Can colonize different sites
Cons
Requires partner
Pollen must be moved
Isolated individuals cannot reproduce
Rapid colonization not possible
Both asexual and sexual
Advantages
Spread seeds far
Colonize site fast
Can spread rapidly asexually
Allow for genetic diversity
Asexual Reproduction
Produces identical offspring
Numerous methods
Fragmentation
One of most common
Cacti
Branches poorly attached
Break off easily
Form roots
Become independent
Saxifrage, grass, pineapple
Plantlets instead of flowers
Bulbils
Large spreading/vining plants
Fragments of plant "separate"
Become self-sufficient
Develop adventitious roots
Sexual Reproduction
Genetically different offspring
Flower structure
Four flower appendages
Petals
Colorful and "leaf-like"
Attract correct pollinators
Distinctive patterns
Color
Petal arrangement
Shape
Size
Collectively called corolla
Many with UV-absorbing pigments
Create patterns insects can see
Stamens
Produce pollen spores
Two parts
Filament
Stalk
Anther
Microsporocytes
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Tapetum
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Pollen grain structure
Outer layer
Exine
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Consists of sporopollenin
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Inner layer
Intine
Composed of cellulose
Collectively called androecium
Sepals
Modified leaves
Surround/enclose other parts
Protect growing flower bud
Deter bacterial/fungal spores
Maintain high humidity
Deter insect feeding
Block nectar-robbing organisms
Collectively called calyx
Lowermost and outermost part
Thickest, toughest, waxiest part
Carpels
Produce megaspores
Collectively called gynoecium
Ovary structure
Placentae
Tissue that bear ovules
Ovules
Funiculus
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Nucellus
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Three main parts
Style
Stalk
Elevates stigma
Ovary
Produces megaspores
Stigma
Catch pollen grains
Characteristics
No secondary growth
Pedicel
Flower stalk
Receptacle
Axis
Other flower parts attached
The plant life cycle
Alteration of heteromorphic generations
Gametophyte generation
Gametophytes
Produce gametes
Microgametes
Sperm cells
Megagametes
Egg cells
Two types
Microgametophytes
Grown from microspores
Megagametophytes
Grown from megaspores
Haploid
Sporophyte generation
Sporophytes
Have organs
In flowers in angiosperms
Produce haploid spores
Undergo mitosis
Grows into gametophyte
Diploid
Gametophytes
Microgametophyte
Grown from microspores
Angiosperms: only 3 cells
One vegetative cell
Generative cell
Divides into 2 sperm cells
Landing on a stigma
Pollen grain germinates
Produces pollen tube (microgametophyte)
Grows downward through style
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Megagametophyte
Grown from surviving megaspore
Nucleus has 3 mitotic divisions
Eight haploid nuclei
Embryo sac
Multinucleate megagametophyte
Nuclei migrate
Three at each end
Two in center
Megagametophyte with 7 cells
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Fertilization
Syngamy of sperm and egg
Plasmogamy
Fusion of gamete protoplasts
Most inherited from ovule parent
Karyogamy
Fusion of gamete nuclei
Process
Pollen tube enters synergid
Pollen tube tip bursts
Sperm cells released
Migrates through synergid
Loses most of protoplasm
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Double fertilization
2nd sperm in angiosperms
Migrates to central cell
Karyogamy with polar nuclei
Triploid endosperm nucleus
Undergoes rapid division
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Embryo and seed development
Development of embryo
Zygote small cell cluster
Some becomes embryo proper
Others become suspensor
Pushes embryo into endosperm
Later crushed by embryo
End of suspensor divides
Forms embryo
Stages of embryo
Globular stage
Arranged as small sphere
End of embryo reforms
Initiates two primordia
Grow into cotyledons
Monocots: one cotyledon
Dicots: two cotyledons
Torpedo stage
Shaped as elongate cylinder
Short axis established
Radicle
Embryonic root
Epicotyl
Embryonic stem
Hypocotyl
Root/shoot junction
Seed development
Mature embryo
Quiescent and partly dehydrated
Cotyledon(s)
Basal angiosperms/eudicots
Store nutrients
Becomes thick and large
Endosperm shrinks or leaves
Exalbuminous seeds
Monocots
Digestive/absorptive tissue
Germination only
Remains small
Endosperm remains present
Albuminous seeds
Integuments become seed coat
Fruit development
Fruit develops from ovary
Pericarp
Entire fruit wall
Usually three layers
Exocarp
Outer layer
Skin or peel
Mesocarp
The flesh
Middle layer
Endocarp
Innermost layer
Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination
Types of pollination
Cross-pollination
Pollination by different individual
Results in genetic diversity
Self-pollination
Pollination by same flower/plant
No new alleles
Increasing cross-pollination
Stamen/style maturation times
Stamen mature first
Pollen released, stigmas closed
Pollen transported elsewhere
Compatibility barriers
Chemical reactions
Prevent pollen growth in stigma
Common systems
Diploid/diploid system
Proteins put on pollen tube
Done by anther's tapetum
Proteins match incompatibility gene
Blocks pollen grain germination
Pollen tube enters stigma
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Protein test
Pollen tube grows
Stigma tests tube's proteins
Protein matches incompatibility gene
Pollen tube growth stopped
Monoecious and dioecious species
Flower types
Imperfect flowers
Lacks essential organ(s)
Stamens and/or carpels
Perfect flowers
Has both essential organs
Imperfect flower conditions
Monoecy
Plant has stamens and carpels
NOT on same flower
Examples
Cattails
Corn
Dioecy
Only one essential organ
Examples
Dates
Willows
Papaya
Marijuana
Ensures cross-pollination
Animal-pollinated flowers
Increased probability of pollination
Developed through coevolution
Plants mutated
Increased distinctive traits
Petals increase animal pollination chance
Insects mutated
Increased capacity to recognize flowers
Plants adapted to distance
Flower shape
Actinomorphic symmetry
Radial symmetry
Two mirrored halves
Any longitudinal cut
Zygomorphic symmetry
Bilateral symmetry
Two mirrored halves
Only one specific cut
Ovary position
Must be well protected
Adaptions
Burying ovary deep
Three arrangements
Inferior ovary
Primordia crowd together
Flower organ bases fuse
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Appears below other organs
Superior ovary
Above other flower parts
Hypogynous parts
Half-inferior ovary
Partially buried
Perigynous flower parts
Long styles and stamen filaments
Wind-pollinated flowers
Different modifications
Growth patterns
Dense populations
Range lands
Forests
Structure
Reduced/absent petals
Reduced/absent sepals
Large, feathery stigmas
Increased area
Inflorescences and Pollination
Inflorescence
Can develop into one fruit
Group of flowers
Increases chance of pollination
Two basic arrangements
Determinate inflorescences
Limited potential for growth
Inflorescence apex converted to flower
Terminal flower opens first
Indeterminate inflorescences
Lowest flowers open first
New flowers initiated at apex
Types of arrangements
Raceme
Spike
Umbels
Head
Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
Classification of fruit types
Two categories of fruits
Accessory fruit
Contains nonovarian tissue too
"False fruit"
True fruit
Contains only ovarian tissue
Fusion of carpels categories
Aggregate fruit
Fused ovaries of separate carpels
Multiple fruit
All fruits of inflorescence fused
Simple fruit
Develops from single ovary
Also 1 flower's fused ovaries
Other classifications
Distribution by ingestion
Dry fruit
Not eaten
Fleshy fruit
Eaten and distributed
Animal involvement in plant cycle
Benefits
Nonrandom distribution
"Organic fertilizer "
Fruit opening
Dehiscent fruit
Break open, release seeds
Indehiscent fruit
Don't break open
