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Topic 12: Energy generating in mitochondria & Chloroplast - Coggle…
Topic 12: Energy generating in mitochondria & Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Organelle for aerobic respiration
Structure: have double membrane structures
Inner membrane folded called Cristae
the space (compartment) inside is called matrix
have their own DNA & their own ribosomes ; they have their own transcription and translation
DNA is circular; similar to bacteria DNA
Endosymbiotic hypothesis= believe that prokaryotic cell going into another cell and evolving into the mitochondria
ATP synthase particles
the enzymes during oxidative phosphorylation to make a lot of ATP's
ATP synthesis enzyme will use high H ion concentration when the H ions move into the mitochondria, it will produce a lot of ATP
Different cells have different amount of mitochondria
cardiac muscle cells have a lot of mitochondria bc they need to contracting using a lot of energy
sperm cell also have a lot also in the tail bc they need to travel
Under Aerobic condition
Pyruvate will get inside of the mitochondria in the eukaryotic cell; and will be completely oxidized and become CO2 & NAD+ will be reduced and become NADH
NADH can later be used to synthesis ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
the pyruvate will be decarboxylated ---> Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA will enter TCA (Citric) Cycle ; to be fully oxidized giving us the first acid carbonic acid called
Citrate
the direct energy molecule can be synthesis is called
GTP
; GTP can donate a phosphate to ADP synthesis ATP
1 pyruvate = 4 NADH & 1 FADH2 & 1 GTP
This is an substrate phosphorylation
all 3 carbons will be synthesis
the dehydrogenase means they are catalyzing a oxidative reaction by all those organic molecules
Five reactions are catalyzed by dehydrogenase; 4 generating NADH & 1 producing FADH2
Oxidative metabolism in the mitochondria
Pyruvate to citric acid cycle
2 pyruvate ----> will make 2 acetyl CoA
Citric acid cycle 3 NADH, 1 GTP & 1 FADH2 & release 2 carbon molecules
Glycolysis
under aerobic condition
it will go through aerobic respiration in the mitochondria
in the mitochondria matrix the NADH & FADH2 will be oxidized to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
That will donate electrons to ETC proteins (generating energy carrying the H from low concentration to high concentration)
Oxygen are the final receivers of electrons
thats why it always has to be in aerobic respiration
1 NADH will produce 3 ATP
1 FADH2 will produce 2 ATP
2 pyruvate = 30 ATP's
28 ATP's generated through oxidative phosphorylation
2 ATP's generated through substrate phosphorylation
now through glycolysis
2 NADH=
through
glycerol phosphate shuttle
= 6 ATP
TOTAL= 36 ATP
through
malate-aspartate shuttle
= 8 ATP
TOTAL= 38 ATP
under anaerobic condition
it will go through fermentation
for most cells it will go through the
glycerol phosphate shuttle pathway
the NADH in the outside of the mitochondria will be converted to the NADH2 in the mitochondria ---> FADH2
Malate-aspartate shuttle ; found in cardiac cells, liver cells ect. (more rare) bc they need a lot of energy
NADH in the cytosol will be converted to the NADH in the mitochondria
Five electron carriers
ETC proteins/ electron carriers are located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
often times associated with some metal atoms
when the iron is associated the transport of the electron will become very effective; bc the metal can lose and gain electrons very fast & effectively
they are proteins
The NADH & FADH will donate electrons to different ETC proteins ! thats why they generate different numbers of ATP; NADH more effective
The machinery for ATP formation, the major ENZYME located in the inner membrane responsible for ATP synthesis
called ATP synthase enzyme
Not only glucose can be used as the energy molecule; also pyruvate will enter mitochondria to be further oxidized
Chloroplast structure & function
leafs
Palisade cells are very abundant; you will see a lot of chloroplast
chloroplast cells
Stroma is the empty space
Thylakoid are membrane structure that look like stack coins
a lot of green pigment & can attract light very well
when thylakoids are stacked we call those grana
Comparing mitochondria & chloroplast
Similarity’s
both have inner membrane
both have outer membrane
both have their own DNA & ribosomes
both have inner membrane space
Differences
Mitochondria has matrix & cristae
chloroplast has stroma & thylakoid
functions are different; chloroplast are involved in photosynthesis
Photosynthesis in plants
light dependent rxn
mainly used in light energy
to synthesis 2 types of key molecules
ATP
NADPH
occurs in the chloroplasts
in the thylakoid
6CO2 + 12H20+ light---> (C6H12O6)+ 6H2O + 6O2
the 12 H2O will make 6 oxygens
Light-independent rxn
uses the 2 key energy molecules created (ATP & NADPH
to reduce CO2 to make organic molecule GLUCOSE!
Photosynthesis & Aerobic respiration are kind of reverse rxn
Thylakoid has a lot of green pigment to fix light energy ; the main 2 called P680 & P700
P680 Aka Photosynthesis 2 ; shorter wavelength giving more energy
to break down molecule; making O2 molecules & H atoms are for & also electrons and used to reduce NADP+ to make NADP
Electron carrier during photosynthesis is different its NADP+
giving high Hydrogen Ion concentration will be very high inside of lumen in the thylakoid
useful in terms of ATP synthesis called photophosphorylation talking about ATP synthesis
both make ATPS at the same time these two will synthesis NADPH
P700; Photosynthesis 1
Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
after photolaces water molecule is broken & H ions are accumulating
O2 molecules are the byproduct causing high H ion concentration inside of lumen
that high H ion concentration is was drives the ATP synthesis
after the e- will be transported in the ECG proteins located thylakoid
eventually reduce the ADP+ to make NADPH
most common; all plants can do this
Need water molecule to be broken to generate H ion and get e- then eventually reducing NADP+ then the high H ion concentration will drive ATP synthesis
the e- are moving linear
Cyclic photophosphorylation
less common
in plants; usually in plants that can live in dry & harsh environment
they can synthesis ATP from ADP but also wi/out the broken water molecule
it will not generate NADPH & it will fix CO2 (w/out the H2O), but still make ATP
does not require phorylation or water molecule; it can use the e- within the ETC proteins
Only one involved is Photosynthesis 1
, not the other P680 ( photosynthesis 2)
the e- transport is w/in those ETC proteins & that helps pump H ions giving high concentration in lumen, driving ATP synthesis
e- go through a cycle & no water
can use light energy to drive cyclic e- cycle & pump H ions and ONLY ATP will be made
Light-independent Reaction the synthesis
product will be ATP & NADPH only through noncyclic photophosphorylation
NADP is good reducing power; used to reduce CO2
Calvin cycle
to fix CO2 to give sugar
RuBP carboxylase enzyme= fixed the 6 CO2 ( is a 5 carbon organic molecule)
can fix CO2 then split to 12 3-carbon molecule
then using ATP & NADP from the light dependent rxn; they use this power to reduce 3 carbon molecule
causing 2 3-carbon molecules to come out to make sugar
(2GAP---->Fructose -----sucrose
the cycle will continue fixing 6 carbons
probably most abundant protein on earth bc there is soo many protein
Overview of photosynthesis
after light dependent rxn--> ATP + NADPH will be synthesis
those 2 will be used to reduce CO2 through Calvin cycle to make sugar