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Elder female patient with history of osteoporosis, chronic type II…

- - - - lack of physical activity
  - - - excessive sodium intake
  - - - increase release of PTH
        
        increased excretion of Ca2+
        
        Ca2+ blood levels decrease
        
        decrease Ca2+ available to be reabsorbed
- - - - nephrons lack nutrients and oxygen
        
        decreased filtration ability
        
        cannot synthesize aldosterone
        
        cannot regulate fluid, hormones & electrolytes
        
        inability to regulate blood pressure
  - - - strep throat
        
        glomerulonephritis
        
        proteinuria
        
        foamy urine
        
        excess protein excretion
        
        hematuria
        
        pink or cola colored urine
        
        due to RBC in urine
  - - - Ca2+ absorption is decreased
        
        bones are more porous
        
        high risk for fractures
        
        Osteoporosis
- - - - Ureters
        
        Urethra
        
        Bladder
        
        hollow organ
        
        held in place by ligaments attached to other organs
        
        strong muscular walls
        
        Detrusor muscle
        
        temporary reservoir for urine
        
        Trigone
        
        triangular area at the internal floor of bladder
        
        opening at 3 angles
        
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        drains urinary bladder
        
        drains urinary bladder
        
        transport urine from urinary bladder to outside of body
        
        muscle ducts
        
        drains the kidneys
        
        transport urine to urinary bladder
        
        small amounts drain to urinary bladder
        
        every 10-15 secs
      - removes metabolic wastes from blood
        
        regulation
        
        blood pressure
        
        calcium iron absorption
        
        RBC production
        
        blood composition, pH and volume
  - - - covered by renal fascia & renal capsule
        
        granular tissue
        
        Nephron
        
        functional filtration unit of kidney
        
        Renal Corpuscle
        
        Glomerulus
        
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        Glomerular Capsule
        
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        Renal Tubules
        
        Proximal Convoluted
        
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        Distal Convoluted
        
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        Nephron Loop
        
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        Collecting Ducts
        
        Nephron Drainage
        
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        Specialized Cells
        
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        2 Types of Nephrons
        
        Cortical
        
        oriented with renal corpuscles
        
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        Juxtamedullary
        
        renal corpuscles adjacent to corticomedullary junction
        
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  - - - characterize by high levels of sugars in blood
        
        more common than type 1
        
        insulin resistant
        
        cells resist normal effects of insulin
        
        blood glucose increase
        
        pancreas produces more insulin
        
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      - hereditary
        
        obesity greatly increases risk
        
        can cause life-threatening complications
        
        retinopathy
        
        retinal blood vessels become damaged
        
        block blood flow to retina
        
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        neuropathy
        
        nerve damage
        
        nerves to lower limbs damaged first
        
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        atherosclerosis
        
        fat build-up in arterial walls
        
        nephropathy
        
        kidney damage
        
        if blood glucose remains elevated
        
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      - diagnosis
        
        abdominal obesity
        
        hypertension
        
        blood deposits in retina
        
        decreased sensation in limbs
        
        weak pulses in feet
        
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    - - long term force of blood against arterial walls
        
        can be acute or chronic
        
        2 types
        
        Primary
        
        no identifiable cause
        
        develop gradually
        
        Secondary
        
        caused by underlying health issues
        
        sudden appearance
        
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        risk factors
        
        age
        
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        race
        
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        family history
        
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        physically inactive
        
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        tobacco use
        
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        excessive sodium intake
        
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    - - means porous bones
        
        loss of bone mass and density
        
        decreased Ca2+ absorption
        
        risk factors
        
        calcium & vitamin D intake
        
        lifetime of diet low in calcium and vitamin D
        
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        cigarette smoking
        
        sex, age, family history
        
        women at greater risk
        
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        lifestyle
        
        inactive lifestyle
        
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  - - - Nutrient Reabsorption
        
        some substances 100% absorbed
        
        Proximal Convoluted Tubule
        
        specific transport proteins
        
        transport of proteins
        
        reabsorbed from tubular fluid in PCT
        
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        Sodium Reabsorption
        
        near end of tubule
        
        regulated by hormones
        
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        Water Reabsorption
        
        180L filtered daily
        
        65% reabsorbed in PCT
        
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      - Movement of Potassium
        
        60% - 80% reabsorbed
        
        tubular fluid
        
        net secretion or reabsorption
        
        collecting ducts
        
        principal cells secreting K+ at varying rates
        
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      - Calcium & Phosphate Balance
        
        Parathyroid Hormone
        
        regulate excretion of Ca2+
        
        stimulate Ca2+ reabsorption
        
        Distal Convoluted Tubule
        
        increased blood Ca2+ levels
      - Bicarbonate & Hydrogen Ions and pH
        
        pH of urine and blood
        
        regulated in colelcting ducts
        
        blood in acidic state
        
        synthesized HCO3- reabsorbed into blood
        
        H+ secreted into filtrated
        
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        blood in alkaline state
        
        active type B intercalated cells
        
        secrete HCO3-
        
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    - - glomerular capillaries
        
        water and solutes entering capsular space
        
        due to pressure differences across filtration membrane
        
        separated fluid termed filtrate
        
        filtered plasma
        
        solutes and minimal amounts of proteins
        
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        blood components
        
        exit renal corpuscle through afferent arteriole
        
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